Kant Theory and Justice

Immanuel Kant concerns himself with deontology, and as a deontologist, he believes that the rightness of an action depends in part on things other than the goodness of its consequences, and so, actions should be judged based on an intrinsic moral law that says whether the action is right or wrong – period. Kant introduced the Categorical Imperative which is the central philosophy of his theory of morality, and an understandable approach to this moral law. It is divided into three formulations. The first formulation of Kant’s Categorical Imperative states that one should â€Å"always act in such a way that the maxim of your action can be willed as a universal law of humanity†; an act is either right or wrong based on its ability to be universalized. This belief is part of the â€Å"universal law theory† and states that to determine if an action is essentially â€Å"good† or â€Å"bad,† one must essentially imagine a world in which everyone performed that same action constantly, and imagine if this would be a desirable world to live in. If not, then it is not okay to perform the action. He believes that this â€Å"universal law† lives within us; it is not something that is imposed on us from the outside. For example if one kills oneself out of self-love, it is logically contradictory because self-love refers to respect for one’s self as a rational being and rationality is based on objective (undistorted by emotion or personal bias). So, one can never justify suicide. The maxim of killing oneself cannot possibly exist as a universal law. The second formulation states that one must â€Å"treat humanity whether in thine own person or in that of any other, in every case as an end withal, never as means only. For example, if I were to lie to a girl so that she would choose to go out with me then I, in effect, use her. Kant would say that I treated her as a means to achieve my end, and he specifically prohibits manipulating or deceiving a person for the purposes of achieving a personal end. According to Kant, only people are valuable as ends. Any action tha t disregards this is in clear violation of Kantian morality, and purports to reduce an individual’s autonomy; this consequently undermines a person’s rational capability and reduces him/her to a thing. This implies that if someone robs you and takes your wallet, he is treating you as a thing and not as a person. The third and last formulation requires that one sees oneself as the source of all moral law. This simply emphasizes the fact that the moral agent is the one who chooses to act morally. This third formulation tells us to imagine ourselves as the sole lawmaker in a society, and to choose the best possible set of laws that the society of rational beings would live by. Kant believes that we all have reason within us, but some choose to respond and act upon it while others do not. We can reason the way things ought to be, and based on that is how we should act, which explains Kant’s view that a moral action must be chosen through moral reason. For example, one does not cheat on a test because one’s reason tells him or her that it is wrong, not the consequences that follow if one gets caught. Another example is that we do not need the law to tell us not to steal because it is immoral; we simply have to access our ability to reason to rationalize this. In a world where each individual recognizes his/her moral dignity and freely chooses to adopt the same universalizable moral law, all actions become good. In opposition to the Categorical Imperative is Kant’s Hypothetical Imperative, which states that a particular action is necessary as a means to some purpose. Kant believes that these actions are not always moral because they are not performed out of â€Å"pure good will† (pure duty), which is the only thing in the world that is unambiguously good. In the case of the ethical credibility of the principles of affirmative action, Kant’s Categorical Imperative provides for the basis of approval. It is primarily out of a sense of duty that a society would seek to assist its struggling members who are in need of help. The action so far seems good, but we must test its universality. Can we imagine ourselves living in a world in which all societies seek to aid the underprivileged and the disadvantaged at the slight expense of others? Absolutely yes. It is important for one to bear in mind, however, that it is the very action of helping that is being judged as inherently good or bad, and not the action’s admirable or overbearing surrounding consequences. Secondly, we must test that the action is regarding everyone involved as ends and not as means to any particular purpose. Since the aim of affirmative action is to help the current predicaments of those people who were victimized in the past, focus is placed on respecting every individual’s autonomy. In this way, we can see that affirmative action is not a devious plan that seeks to manipulate, but one that seeks to compensate by adjusting the means (circumstances) and not the ends (individuals). Lastly, we must see if the action is establishing a universal law governing others in similar situations; one should behave as if one is the absolute moral authority of the universe. Is completing this action consistent with the application of moral law? If so, the affirmative action passes these three tests and the action is good. In his â€Å"Objections to Affirmative Action†, James Sterba talks about why he believes that Affirmative Action is morally wrong. He argues that a person’s race shouldn’t control his or her point of interest. Sterba argues that Affirmative Action leads to injustice and it is unfair to the white nonminority males because â€Å"it deprives them of equal opportunity by selecting or appointing women or minority candidates over more qualified nonminority male candidates. He believes that the job of the government is to eliminate all kinds of discriminatory policies. He thinks that â€Å"alternative programs are preferable. † Thus, the government should instead promote equal opportunities through programs within agencies and departments instead of through Affirmative Action which he believes is a fancy word for discrimination. He argues that it is not fair to those who are more qualified for certain opportunities and cannot receive them either because they are not women or because they are not part of the minority. In his First Objection, he argues that Affirmative Action â€Å"is not required to compensate for unjust institutions in the distant past. † He talks about Morris’ argument that what occurred in the past is not the primary issue that puts all present-day African Americans at an unfair disadvantage; it is more about the issues of more recent origin. He makes a point that discrimination today could very well be the source of the disadvantaged disposition of African Americans and other minority groups, and it is certainly something that society could do without. The question remains that in attempting to â€Å"level the playing field† and eliminate present-day discrimination in America, is Affirmative Action a practical approach and should such a program be endorsed? The Fourth Objection goes on to say that Affirmative Action â€Å"hurts those who receive it† because in many ways the people benefitting from it would not see the need to work as hard, and it places â€Å"women and minorities in positions for which they are not qualified. Sterba proposes that one of the solutions to this problem could be the installation education enhancement programs to compensate for any lack of skills. He believes that this will in a short time ensure that minorities are appropriately qualified for a position. In response to Sterba’s First Objection, Kant would agree that the rightness of Affirmative Action should be based upon the circumstances of the present situation and not what had occurred in the past; this is evident mainly through his a priori form of philosophical deductive reasoning that judges an action before the experience, or â€Å"in the moment. However, Kant would disagree with Sterba’s Fourth Objection because in my opinion, Kant’s deontological theory correlates with the correctness of the affirmative action in its very aim toward helping â€Å"the right† people. Affirmative action has not significantly diminished gender, racial, and all other forms of discrimination, but the action has promoted equality and diversity to a large extent. In a world where everyone performs the â€Å"good will,† there is justice; and the installation of this program only serves to come closer to this justice. Discrimination is wrong because it violates a person’s basic and intrinsic moral rights. Thus, in itself the adoption of this program is an action that is good because without Affirmative Action it is true in many ways that minorities would remain at a disadvantaged position in the educational system and not be allowed the opportunity to exercise their true potential. Kant would argue that it is a duty out of â€Å"good will† to treat people equally. The concepts of equality and autonomy are emphasized in the nature of this program because it strives to treat everyone as a free person equal to everyone else. According to Kant, one should be treated as ends not as mere means. It can be argued that African Americans at a disadvantaged position were being treated as means by the dominant culture to achieve its own ends in the system. Discrimination cannot exist as a system of nature because those who discriminate would not want to be similarly discriminated against if things were reversed, and so Affirmative Action is justified because it aims to open the door of opportunities to those who have been oppressed for years. That being said, Kant would examine the action itself and not the consequences of the action. When making decisions, one has to put oneself into other people’s shoes and see if one wants to be treated the same way others have been treated; it is a duty to treat others as we ourselves want to be treated. Affirmative Action not necessarily needed in this society to reduce the inherent inequalities that are still existent, but it can certainly be used to assist in leveling the playing field. Affirmative Action has been successful on a short term basis, that is, in ncreasing the representation of minorities (including women) in areas of employment, education, and business from which they have been historically excluded. However, on the long term basis it can be argued that the program only serves to perpetuate a cycle of need. Kant advocates the idea of equality through his deontological theory by saying that all people deserve equal treatment as rational ends in themselves and th at this should never be compromised by the flaws in any social system.

Japan or China the Most Important Strategic Relationship for Australia Among the Major Asian Powers?

Is Japan or China the most important strategic relationship for Australia among the major Asian powers? By Mej Amran B Mohamad RMAF Malaysian Armed Forces Defence College Haigate Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. 12 Nov 2009 Author can be contacted at : [email  protected] com. au ——————————————————————————————————————— Introduction Australia’s credentials and place in today international system is quite significant which influence greatly her ability to position and formulating herself strategically in the global scenario especially in the Asia Pacific region. As a nation with global interests, Australia deals with many countries in many regions and one of them is in Asian region. Australia undoubtedly and substantially engages hers interests in a wide range of aspects within the framework of the countries within this Asian region. Among the countries which are influential in shaping Australia’s strategic and defense policy within the Asia Pacific ring are China, Japan and South Korea, North Korea and Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) block countries. On the other hand significant Australian interests are also engaged in Australia’s relationships with the other states such as the European Union and its member states, and in the South Pacific, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea. However the emerging of China and the influence of Japanese among the major power and largest economies of the Asia-Pacific region has considerably alter the region stability lately. Many new factors and balancing pointers have emerged and its impacts cannot be ignored in shaping Australia strategic relationship and its development of defense policy. Consequently new form of challenges have emerged such as North Korea nuclear proliferation issues and overlapping claimed territory in the South China Sea to mention a few. As such advertently Australia needs to revisit and review back its strategic relationship between the so called major powers in Asia region like China and Japan in order to ensure its effective implementation of strategic environment. Australia essentially need to ensure its security, trading, investment, economic, social partners towards the region continue to uphold and be beneficial to Australia in order to continue sustain and maintain its competitive advantage. Aim The aim of this paper is to examine and to look into some critical aspects of Australia strategic and defense planning policy framework imperatives in order to decide whether China or Japan is the most important strategic relationship for Australia among the major Asian powers. Australia International Relations In its international relations arena, Australia utilizes its assets such as economic, strategic and cultural to uphold its international reputation as a responsible, constructive and practical country. It can be seen that the values which Australia brings to its international relations presently are the values of a liberal democracy greatly influence by her American ally. Australia global politics undoubtedly have been shaped by national experience and given vigour through cultural diversity of the country itself. Some of the important imperatives include the rule of law, the accountability of the government to an elected parliament, freedom of the press and a commitment to a ‘fair go’. Australia ranks eleventh in the world in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. For comparison, Australia's main export destinations[1], 2008 to Japan was 22. 7% 1 and China 15. 6% respectively. Australia's main import sources, 2008 China 14. 6% and from Japan 9%. Australia’s defense capability is seem to be very significant in regional terms. Australia also has a broadly based alliance relationship with the United States, whose strategic engagement and commitment underwrite the stability of East Asia as a whole. Australia Strategic Environment According Senator the Hon Robert Hill Minister for Defense[2] in 2005, he stressed out that providing the capability to defend Australia and Australian interests remains the first responsibility of ruling government. Now lets us look into Australia strategic environment before discussing in depth by delineates the impact of globalization in relation to its strategic perspective. The Impact of Globalisation The world is undeniably experiencing profound and rapid change. While the international world system is dynamic, globalization is accelerating the movement of ideas and technologies and advertently exposing Australia to a new strategic environment framework such as increased the interdependency between countries and made borders more porous, increased of the potency of the terrorist threat, increase the complexity of the potential danger of WMD proliferation[3]. Globalisation has accelerated the trends which have a significant impact on security policy matters, defense capability and decision-making due to increased unpredictability and uncertainty; the technology revolution has led to a diffusion of technology at a faster tempo, particularly in the areas of information and communications; existing of asymmetric threats such as terrorism or WMD have reduced the value of defenses built around geographic advantage; non-state players quite often in some circumstances, constitute a strategic threat such as new form of transnational terrorist organisations, with no state allegiance and new types of weapons and tactics ; and borders as security barriers are now much less effective to mention a few[4]. The interconnectedness of globalisation profoundly have widen and intensify their impacts. Defense Policy In general, Australia’s defense policy response to this environment comprises of two major elements[5]. The first is to shape and build a defense capability that is versatile and adaptable. Australia has and will continue to build a force that is joint, balanced, networked and deployable. Such a force provides options for a credible response wherever Australia’s security interests are engaged. Secondly is to build strong security relationships both globally and regionally. It must be able to lead and have the capacity to contribute to coalitions in region of interest such as the Asia region as per say. Australia’s Security Interests Asia Pacific global issues have significant security implications for Australia. Generally the risk of global conflict diminished considerably with the end of the Cold War, however other potential threats remain. Conflicts in Europe, the Middle East and South Asia regions have the potential to disrupt global security. To address this Australia need to form a strategic partnership with many countries in her global political engagements and of course within Asia Pacific Ring, Japan and China are the most important priority among the Asia regional major powers. Australia’s national security and its economic interests are inextricably linked to the security and stability of the Asia Pacific region. It can be seen that the key components of Australia’s security strategy are maintaining a strong national defense capability, the security alliance with the United States, developing bilateral defense and security relationships with the countries throughout the Asia Pacific, and strengthening multilateral security links in the region, especially with the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF). As such by continuously fostering strategic relationship with China and Japan are paramount. Regular bilateral security dialogues with countries in the Asia Pacific, and with key partners beyond the region, provide an opportunity to share views on a wide range of regional and global security issues, promote transparency and reinforce Australia’s commitment to working cooperatively with regional countries on security issues. Australia has increased the number of countries with which it has such dialogues, as part of its long-term strategy of promoting shared security perceptions in the Asia Pa cific region. The ARF for example is an important means of encouraging a sense of strategic community in the region. It complements the central role of bilateral links in dealing with global and regional security issues, and has an important role in encouraging regional support for international regimes against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their missile delivery systems. One of the features of the ARF in 2000 was the participation for the first time of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK). On the other hand Australia sees Japan as a strong proponent and strongly supports ASEAN countries economic growth by providing financial aids and assistance in terms of Official Development Aids (ODA) for instance. Subsequently, Australia on the other hand has been very much part of the process of seeking to engage the DPRK more constructively with the regional and international community, including through an exchange of high-level visits. Australia announced the re-establishment of diplomatic relations with the DPRK in May 2000. Australia has made a major contribution to the significant progress in establishing international regimes to prevent the proliferation of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and of missiles. Australia’s future efforts will be concentrated on ensuring that these regimes are implemented and remain effective and, where necessary, are strengthened. Australia is a strong proponent of encouraging adherence to the international regime banning the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti-personnel landmines. Australia is committed and relentlessly to adopt practical measures such as landmine clearance, victim assistance and mine clearance technology programs. So after looking inside the Australia needs, now lets us see what has China and Japan share in common and in what ways Australia can benefit more and have the edge by associating herself with the two countries strategically from my perspectives. One thing for sure is that Australia strategic relationships in the Asian region are becoming more complex and continue to evolve. China China’s increasing political and strategic engagement with the Asia-Pacific region with its emerging economic profoundly has many significant impacts on the global economy as well as within the Asia region. Its increasing demand for resources is driving China expansion of economic activity development in the Asia-Pacific region and also emerging as a significant technological centre for region. Hence, China’s importance to Australia grows along with this development accordingly and it cannot be totally ignored. Undoubtedly Australia sees China’s relations with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region are critically important to the maintenance of regional peace, security and stability. According to Jieh-Yung Lo, (2007)[6], Australia’s strategic responses would include China’s relationship with East Asia, placing strong emphasis on the Korean Peninsula. In particular, China’s relations with Japan and the United States play another vital role in shaping the security context for the entire region. It is in Australia’s national interest actively to encourage and support Chinese participation in dialogue and cooperation on regional security issues. As for example during 2000-01 the exchange of high-level visits started by the visit of Chinese President Jiang Zemin to Australia in late 1999 continued, with six Australian ministers and the Deputy Prime Minister visiting China. The investment and trade relationship between Australia and China is very encouraging and expanding. China today is Australia’s third largest merchandise trade partner. New opportunities for Australia are wide open when China’s was accepted entry into the WTO, both in terms of greater market access for Australian goods and services. Thus by encouraging China to integrate further into the global economy and abide by international trade rules, the role China played in advocating regional stability become more pronounce.. Mutual economic and trade interests are increasingly underpinned by the strengthening of broader bilateral ties including cultural, educational, scientific and people-to-people links. With different cultures and traditions, Australia and China do not always share the same view, but regular dialogue and government-to-government exchanges have been established on a range of issues – from human rights to security issues – in a bid to discuss differences of opinion. The one-China policy will continue to be a fundamental element of the bilateral relationship within which Australia pursues important economic and trade interests with Taiwan. The size, competitiveness and pace of growth of the Chinese economy will continue to be a dynamic influence on other Asia-Pacific economies. Hence its strategic influence will continue to grow and need to be carefully weighted by Australia in planning her defense policy in the region. Japan On the other hand Japan arms of influence cannot be simply being ignored. It must not be forgotten and by reminiscing on the past history of the might of Japanese expansion and World War II (WW II) and the remarkable effort of its quick phase to recover and become a developed country later to become the giant world economy just next to United States need not to be considered lightly. As such undoubtedly Japan occupies a vital strategic position in North-East Asia and continues to play a primary economic and political role in Asia Pacific immediate region. So, realizing this, Australia relentlessly works hard to encourage and continue endlessly for close dialogue with Japan on a wide range of political, economic, and strategic issues and the development, to the extent possible, of policies which are mutually reinforcing. Japan continues to be Australia’s major trading partner, accounting for some 16% by value of our total trade (exports plus imports) in 2000. It is a significant investor in Australia and our largest source of in-bound tourism. The Japanese Government is taking more active role in regional and global security. It remains active in the war on terrorism. Japan increased its commitment to other part of the world such as Iraq, both financially and through the deployment of elements of the Japanese Self-Defense Force in non-combat roles. The Japanese Self-Defense contributions to peacekeeping effort are quite positive. On the other hand the strategic relationship with the United States continues to develop through increased interoperability, harmonization of Japanese and US capabilities and cooperation in missile defense. Australia’s partnership with Japan reflects the broad alignment of Australian and Japanese strategic, political and economic interests in the Asia-Pacific region. Like Australia, Japan supports the long-term strategic engagement of the United States in the Asia-Pacific region and recognizes the fundamental contribution that it makes to regional stability. Japan also shares our interest in advancing the APEC forum as the primary vehicle for economic cooperation in the Asia Pacific region. The Australia-Japan Conference for the 21st Century was held in Sydney on 29 and 30 April 2001 to chart new directions – strategic, economic, cultural, educational and scientific – for the relationship. The Conference Declaration, ‘The Sydney Declaration for Australia-Japan Creative Partnership’, set out a comprehensive action agenda: to strengthen economic relations, including through a trade and investment facilitation agreement; to expand dialogue and cooperation on security; and to increase people-to-people links. The Prime Minister’s visit to Japan in August 2001 built further on these links. The Factors Shaping Its Development and the Challenges to Be Met To Ensure Its Effective Implementation. In today dynamic environment more quite often the failure of existing international institutions to provide confidence in collective security arrangements has prompted an increasing resort to coalitions-of-the-willing to resolve issues of common concern. As such anticipating and meeting hallenges to Australia’s security remains a demanding task. Some of the crucial factors shaping Australia defense planning in general include the war on terrorism, proliferatio n of nuclear weapons and weapon of mass destruction The war on terrorism continues unabated on many fronts. Successive terrorist attacks in NewYork, Washington, Jakarta, Bali, Madrid, London and elsewhere since 2001 have demonstrated clearly that no country is immune from experiencing the debacle and horrors of non state actor such international terrorism. The threat of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction has yet to be defeated as some states still seek to acquire a nuclear weapons capability. Longstanding issues, including those relating to the Middle East, North Korea, Iran and Taiwan, remain the subject of international tension. Many countries, including in the Asia-Pacific region, continue to struggle to create the conditions they need for stable economic and political development. Issues of economic downturn, human trafficking, human migration, drugs smuggling, environmental issues, overlapping claimed, boundary disputes are among current issues that need to be emphasize and handle diplomatically and strategically. These imperatives are among many challenges faced by Australia. Analyse the Strengths and Limitations on Current Australian Policy Australia employs its defence capability as the most potent of the range of instruments in order to promote and support its security interests. Among Australia strength include having a formidable Australian Defence Forces (ADF) which is able to meet all these policy and strategic needs. The ADF is capable of operating as a networked, joint force across information, air, land and maritime domains. It also has the capability to operate in environments that are complex and ambiguous, and where adversaries, including non-state adversaries, have increasingly lethal capabilities. Through continuing modernization, it needs to retain capability edge over potential rivals by having the elements of versatility[7]. robustness[8], jointness[9] and integration[10]. At all times it must maintain high levels of preparedness as demonstrated by ADF personnel whom have been deployed in many operations, including those in East Timor, Bougainville, Afghanistan, the Middle East and Iraq, the Solomon Islands, and the Sudan to mention a few. Several of these operations have been concurrent. On the other hand, there have been continuing border security tasks, natural disaster relief operations and contributions to long-running UN peacekeeping or peace-monitoring operations in the Sinai and elsewhere in the Middle East. Other role includes supporting domestic security operations such as those for the Olympic Games and the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting. Some of the constraints include growing cost pressures on the defense budget. This consequently affects the rising cost of ‘state of the art’ military equipment, particularly capabilities essential for the ADF’s capacity to develop and operate as a superior networked force. The other aspects is the recruitment and retention of an evermore technically capable force amidst of a strong and growing economy, will surely become more challenging Thirdly is to ensure the most efficient use of resources posses a significant challenge to the ADF. Australia Strategic Alliance Priority to Chinese or Japan Australia security accord with Japan has been greeted with much controversy over Australia's actions and intentions of containing China. These two Asian major powers have brought back the shadows of â€Å"Cold War† language of fundamental power relations and strategic competition within the Asia region. However rivalry could be restricted to peaceful economic competition for economic resources. According to Jieh-Yung Lo[11] (2007) China and Japan produce an environment of bi-polar Asia and putting Australia with the dilemma of balancing its national interests in the face of this strategic competition. All this while Japan has become a long time trusted partners in the Asia-Pacific region. Japan and Australia share a common interest in regional stability and prosperity. And today, Australia and Japan enjoy one of the most significant economic and strategic partnerships in Asia. As can be seen in July 2003 besides the latest security accord, Australia and Japan concluded a Trade and Economic Framework to set directions for the future development of the bilateral trade relationship. On the contrary Australia recognizes that both China and Japan are important to its foreign policy and defense policy in the region and shares a growing and thriving relationship with China and on the other side of the coin have a stable relationship with Japan. Australia is very clear where its interests lie and tends to see economics and security as separate issues. It welcomes China's growth, but believes that Japan and the United States should remain influential players in regional affairs. 12] Conclusion From the discussion above it can be seen that it is essential for Australia to form up a formidable defense planning which must provide for both the needs of the present and the possibilities of the future into the uncharted territory. In my opinion thus Australia strategic a lliance with Japan is most crucial and prioritized compare to with China. It is based on many elements of shared values and interests between Japan and Australia. I cogently believed the relationship will still remain the cornerstone of Australia strategic partnership in order to foster and enhance further regional security and stability in the Asian region. Bear in mind that a country’s effectiveness and influence in international affairs is determined by a combination of tangible and intangible factors including its reputation, its geographic size and population, the size and success of its economy, its strategic culture and its defense capability. I can foresee that Australia will continue to work to support the Asia-Pacific region in addressing threats of terrorism, weapons proliferation and the challenge of failing states. In an ever more inter-related world, threats to our neighbours are threats to us among which include the threat of proliferation of WMD within the region and in supporting fragile and vulnerable states. Whether fighting terrorism, piracy, transnational crime, international drug syndicates or people smugglers, effective defense policy remains a key tool of the Australian Government. As such it is importantly and uniquely for Australia to form up a smart partnership and strategic alliance with another countries in this case among one of the major powers in Asia region the most important is Japan if compare to China. In building war fighting capacity to respond to possible future threats, undoubtedly the right defense policy framework will still remains the primary instrument of the Australian Government and will therefore continue to have a central role to play in protecting and assuring Australia’s national goals of a peaceful, stable and increasingly prosperous region. 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(2006) Future Directions In Australia-Japan Relations: An Australian Perspective. Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 60, no. 4, December, pp. 598-605. White, Hugh. (2005) The limits to optimism: Australia and the rise of China. Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 59, no. 4, December, pp. 469-480. Internet Bateman, Sam. (2009) The great Australian defense debate: is China a threat? RSIS Commentaries, 24 April 09 http://www3. ntu. edu. sg/rsis/publications/Perspective/RSIS0402009. pdf Australia's bilateral relationships can be found at http://www. dfat. gov. au/geo/fs Specific trade and investment information see http://www. dfat. gov. au/ And http://www. tradewatch. dfat. gov. au East Asian Analytical Unit http://www. dfat. gov. u/publications/catalogue/pub_bycountry. html DFAT statistical publications see http://www. dfat. gov. au/publications/index. html Australia's international treaty commitments http://www. austlii. edu. au/au/other/dfat Australia's human rights policy e http://www. dfat. gov. au/hr Australia’s international environmental activities http://www. dfat. gov. au/environment Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID), http://www. ausaid. gov. au. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, http://www. aciar. gov. au Australian Safeguards and Non-proliferation Office, http://www. asno. dfat. gov. au Australian Trade Commission (Austrade), http://www. austrade. ov. au Export Finance and Insurance Corporation (EFIC), http://www. efic. gov. au/ ———————– [1] Fact Sheet, Market Information and Research Section, DFAT, http://www. dfat. gov. au/geo/fs (dated 4 Sept 09) [2] Australia’s National Security, A Defence Update 2005, Australia Department Of Defense , pp. v [3] Ibid pp. 5 [4] Ibid pp. 2-4 [5] Ibid pp 12 [6] Jieh-Yung Lo, (2007), Article on China v Japan: implications for Australia? Dated 4 Dec 2007 [7] Versatility represents the capacity to perform a range of different roles, often concurrently. Aust ralia’s National Security, A Defense Update 2005, Australia Department Of Defense pp. 9 [8] Robustness is indicated by depth in resources and personnel and is an essential quality if the ADF is to retain the ability to sustain operations for lengthy periods. Ibid pp. 20 [9] Jointnes refers to responds to the challenge of ensuring that all service elements operate together in ways that make a truly joint force. Ibid pp. 20 [10] Integration represents the ability to network weapons platforms and capabilities to strengthen their effectiveness as part of a whole force. Ibid pp. 20 [11] Jieh-Yung Lo, (2007), Article on China v Japan: implications for Australia? Dated 4 Dec 2007. [12] Jieh-Yung Lo, (2007), Article on China v Japan: implications for Australia? Dated 4 Dec 2007

Bluest Eye Essay

she besides retrieve how her sister usage to soothe her by singing to her. With that incident. she remembered that love was present. it is an understood though non straight expressed feeling. The MacTeer family had an add-on ; the first 1 was Mr. Henry Washington who lived with Mrs. Della Jones who already grew old and was left by her hubby who was believed to hold run off with another adult female. Another one is Pecola Breedloove. she is to be commiseration with because her male parent put their household house into ashes and now she’s under the country’s detention. Miss Breedlove. being a portion of the MacTeer household. loves to imbibe milk utilizing Shirley temple cup but Claudia expressed how she ever disliked the Shirley temple and the doll which has giver her as a present for Christmas. She tends to cognize why everyone thinks that the fair-haired doll is beautiful and where could its â€Å"beauty† be found. It was in the afternoon of Saturday when Pecola drank three quarts of milk and Mrs. MacTeer got huffy because of that. the sisters tried to avoid her when Pecola starts shed blooding. Frieda thought that Pecola was merely holding her menses and tried to put a tablet to the latter’s frock. Pecola so all of a sudden asked how babes are made. and so Frieda answered her that she has to happen person to love her first. It is on the Saturday forenoon of October. Mrs. Breedlove aftermaths foremost and started out a sudden explosion of action in the kitchen. Pecola is still in bed but she knows that her female parent will get down a battle with his male parent. The twosome battle between Cholly and his married woman became a everyday every after he gets home rummy. their boy Sammy would really either fall in the battle or run off from place while Pecola would happen a manner of how to stand the state of affairs. Mrs. Breedlove would inquire Cholly to convey her some coal for the range but Cholly would decline to make so and she says that one time she sneezing and gets cold from bringing the coal outside. so the hubby is in problem. Unfortunately Mrs. Breedlove sneezed so the battle started. The married woman would utilize a pan to hit her hubby so their boy would assist her female parent by hitting his male parents head. Once Cholly knocks out. Sammy would inquire his female parent to kill his male parent quick but so his female parent would hush him. On the contrary. Pecola still lies on her bed feeling sick. She even wishes she could merely vanish. She hates herself for her ugliness. her instructor and schoolmates would normally disregard her. She hopes for a blue oculus because she believes that that would do her expression reasonably merely like fair-haired Mary Jane pictured in the confect negligee. Pecola goes to see the cocottes populating above their flat. They are sort to her and would ever state her narratives about their â€Å"boyfriends† who are their clients. China. Poland. and Miss Marie are adult females who are non said to be a victim by their profession. they merely dislike work forces. They don’t experience ashamed of what they are. Pecola was so funny how it is likely to be in love or what love is like. She wonders if love is like her parent’s when doing love ; his male parent doing sounds as if agony in hurting while her female parent is quiet. The winter came when a new miss charmed the whole school. Maureen Peal has a cabinet next to Claudia’s and one twenty-four hours the new comer asked the MacTeer sisters if she could fall in them for walk place. The three misss saw Pecola who was harassed by a circle of male childs they bully her and tease her for holding a dark tegument. Frieda hit a male child and threatens the other. Claudia came in to assist her sister and it seems that the male childs where ready to give the sisters a battle but so Maureen arrived and looks like the male childs did non desire to contend in forepart of her and merely left. Maureen asked the misss if they wanted to hold some ice pick and tends to handle merely Pecola. Claudia on the other manus felt abashed and went on without ice pick. The misss started speaking about menses. Pecola was asked if she had of all time seen her male parent bare and answered that she ne’er did but Maureen continued the issue though the sister told her to halt. The misss argued and Claudia started on impeaching Maureen that the miss is a boy-crazy piece Maureen would state them that they are ugly and that they are black. Pecola was hurt and Claudia was alarmed that what the other miss said is a fact. When the misss got home. they saw Henry entertaining Miss Marie and China. Claudia and Frieda disliked it because they know that their female parent hated those misss. These cocottes come in after Mrs. MacTeer leaves the house. Frieda would inquire Mr. Henry about them but the latter would lie and state her that they are merely members of his bible-study group. A black adult female named Geraldine who was married to adult male named Louis has a kid named junior. Geraldine gives a existent first-class attention of junior physically but early on. the kid understands that her female parent is non capable of giving them fondness ; the adult female would demo fondness merely to cats. As a consequence to this. junior would torment a cat or make something probably to ache the animal. Junior would wish to play with inkinesss but his female parent would non let him to play with what they consider a Low-class or nigga. One clip when Geraldine was out Junior asked Pecola to play with him and promised the miss to demo her some kitty. Pecola was overwhelmed by the beauty of the house. interim. junior throw a cat into her face that scratched her. Pecola tried to go forth but so junior stopped him from the door. The cat begun to wish her and Junior was irritated that Pecola got the cat’s attending. Junior threw the cat and hit the radiator. the cat fell down lifelessly. Geraldine was back by so and saw the cat. on the other manus junior said that Pecola was the 1 who killed it and so Geraldine told Pecola that she was a â€Å"nasty small black bitch† . Now Cholly came home rummy once more finds Pecola busy making the dishes. With mix desires of tenderness and lunacy of fury. Cholly raped his ain girl Pecola. She so swoons and when she wakes up she founds her female parent gazing down at her. In Loraine’s black community a light-skinned who was raised from the West was â€Å"self declared reader so as an adviser† . he is Soaphead church. He was a married adult male but was all of a sudden left two months afterwards so he discovered that he does non suit his profession and so he studied psychopathology and other societal scientific disciplines. had different occupations and eventually came to populate in Lorain. He rents a back from Bertha Reese and the lone job that he has with it is the landlady’s Canis familiaris which disgusts him. He planned to kill the Canis familiaris but every clip he tries he hesitates to travel near it. Pecola came to inquire Soaphead Church for bluish eyes. he understands Pecola and was touched by the child’s petition. He understand her through his ain attractive force to whiteness. he knows that he could non assist her but he told Pecola that she should give Bob. the Canis familiaris. a meat that he in secret poisoned. He said that if the Canis familiaris shows any reaction. her wants will so come true. The Canis familiaris that so ate the meat convulsed and earlier died. Pecola seeing the reaction of the Canis familiaris ran off. Meanwhile Soaphead remembers two kids who let him touch them in exchange of money and Sweets and wrote a missive to god stating that he had ne’er touched Pecola and that he Rivaled God for he had granted Pecola’s wish. It is besides said that she will non literally have her bluish eyes but because of the incident. she will believe she now does. Claudia and Frieda noticed that Pecola was inseminated by her ain male parent who had already run off. The whole vicinity was disgusted by that fact but some of them besides blamed Pecola. When her female parent Pauline found her. she hit her difficult. and beat her until she about loses her breath. The MacTeer sisters were sorrowed by the fact that none of the grownup at their topographic point seem to care for Pecola. In the contrary. Claudia made an thought on her head about how the babe looks like. She imagined that the babe with all the beautiful characteristics ; eyes. lips and tegument. They tend to assist hapless Pecola by praying for her and by giving a forfeit ; they plan to bury the money into Pecola’s house and they will works the remainder of the marigold seeds into their ain pace ( bookrags ) . Pecola started her lunacy and is ever conceive ofing that she has a new friend. Her fanciful friend would state her unfavorable judgments for looking at her ain image at the mirror ; Pecola would get down to inquire about how her eyes are so admiringly bluish and inquire her fanciful friend if her eyes are the bluest 1s. She thinks that all the people around her are covetous of her that’s why no 1 dares to look or gaze at her non even her female parent. Then Pecola’s friend would get down speaking about her male parent. and would state her that Mrs. Breedlove must truly lose her hubby really much because they are doing love a batch. The fanciful friend would impeach Pecola that she liked her father’s sexual progresss during the 2nd clip that Cholly raped her. Pecola got angry and decided to travel on to their first subject about her bluish eyes. Claudia and Frieda felt that they failed because their marigold seed ne’er grew and Pecola’s babe was born without life. Cholly died finally in a workhouse and Mrs. Breedlove and Pecola moved into a new topographic point. Claudia thought that it is the people who stand as the clime for a certain individual who tend to be the flower to bloom ( Toni Morrison The Bluest Eye ) . Citations: †Claudia and Frieda thought that it was because Pecola is holding her father’s babe that the seed of the marigold flower did non grow† ( p. 5 ) . This is when Claudia narrated her friend’s being pregnated by Pecola’s ain male parent ( novelguide. com ) . â€Å"Nuns go by every bit quiet as lecherousness. and bibulous work forces and sober eyes sing in the anteroom of the Grecian hotel ( p. 9 ) ( â€Å"The Bluest Eye† ) it explains that in the fall or the start of the narrative. the people are non who they are every bit said to be. â€Å"We stare at her. desiring her staff of life. but more than that desiring to jab the haughtiness out of her eyes and nail the pride of ownership that curls her mastication oral cavity ( p. 9 ) . â€Å" ( novelguide. com ) it is when Claudia stated how she hated Villanucci non because of the things that the individual possess but because of her attitude towards the societal position that she has. â€Å"It had occurred to Pecola some clip ago that if her eyes. those eyes that held the images. and knew the sights-if those eyes of hers were different. that is to state. beautiful. she herself would be different ( P. 46 ) ( novelguide. com ) . † Pecola believed that her life would be different if merely her eyes would turn into bluish. â€Å"She looks up at him and sees the vacuity where wonder ought to lodge and something more. the entire absence of human recognition-the glassy discreteness. † ( p. 48 ) ( novelguide. com ) it is when Pecola went out to purchase confect and the proprietor of the shop did non look to appreciate the beauty she has as a kid. â€Å"The line between colored and nigger was non ever clear ( novelguide. com ) ; elusive and revealing marks threatened to gnaw it. and the ticker had to be changeless. † ( p. 87 ) ( Toni Morrison â€Å"The Bluest Eye† ) This explains how Geraldine tried to conceal the existent visual aspect of junior by taking good attention of him and his true tegument tone. â€Å"She was secure and grateful ; he was sort and lively. † ( p. 116 ) ( novelguide. com ) . The storyteller stated how the twosome. Pauline and Cholly. went good at the beginning of their relationship. â€Å"She was ne’er able. after her instruction in the films. to look at a face and non delegate it some class in the graduated table of absolute beauty. and the graduated table was one she absorbed in full from the Ag screen. † ( p. 122 ) ( novelguide. com ) . Pauline. the female parent of Pecola believed that she could non be compared with other white individual and that she is non beautiful harmonizing to the criterions of white. â€Å"Her simpleness decorated us ; her guilt sanctified us. her hurting made us glow with wellness. † ( p. 205 ) ( novelguide. com ) . The storyteller explains how Pecola’s lower status composite strengthens the feeling of high quality of the people around her. â€Å"Certain seeds it will non foster certain fruit it will non bear and when the land putting to deaths of its ain will. we acquiesce and say the victim had no right to populate. † ( p. 206 ) ( Toni Morrison â€Å"The Bluest Eye† ) . This explains that Pecola’s babe was born dead because the hapless being was hated and that the kid has no right to populate. â€Å"We had defended ourselves since memory against everything and everybody considered all address a codification to be broken by us. and all gestures subject to careful analysis ; we had become froward. oblique. and chesty. Cipher paid us any attending. so we paid really good attending to ourselves. Our restrictions were non known to us—not so. † ( Second-to-last chapter ) ( Toni Morrison â€Å"The Bluest Eye† ) Claudia meant that they ne’er let themselves be oppressed by other people because their parents are at that place to back up them non unlike Pecola who experiences the confrontation of life and decease jobs without anyone to maintain her strong. â€Å"The birdlike gestures are worn off to a mere picking and tweaking her manner between the tyre rims and the helianthuss. between Coke bottles and silkweed. among all the waste and beauty of the world—which is what she herself was. All of our waste which we dumped on her and which she absorbed ( Toni Morrison â€Å"The Bluest Eye† ) . And all of our beauty. which was hers foremost and which she gave to us. â€Å" ( Last chapter ) ( Toni Morrison â€Å"The Bluest Eye† ) This explains how Pecola was made into a symbol of how individual acquire along through the agonies with fright and learns to confront it with hope that shows the interior beauty of a individual. â€Å"Cholly loved her. I’m certain he did. He. at any rate. was the 1 who loved her adequate to touch her. enfold her. and give something of him to her. But his touch was fatal. and the something he gave her filled the matrix of her torment with decease ( last chapter ) . ( Tony Morrison ) . Claudia believed that Cholly loved Pecola the manner he loved Pauline because he touched her and made love to her like he did with Pauline but the love he has for Pecola was the ground of her lunacy. â€Å"For some ground Cholly had non hated the white work forces ; he hated. despised. the miss. Even a half-remembrance of this episode. along with myriad other humiliations. lickings. and emasculations. could stir him into flights of corruption that surprised himself–but non merely himself† . ( ShengYing ) â€Å"Here was an ugly small girl inquiring for beauty. A small black miss who wanted to lift up out of the cavity of her inkiness and see the universe with bluish eyes. â€Å" ( Tony Morrison ) this was when Pecola approached Soaphead church and asked him to allow her a wish which is to hold those bluish eyes. Work Cited ( Toni Morrison â€Å"The Bluest Eye† ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www. novelguide. com/TheBluestEye/toptenquotes. hypertext markup language ( Toni Morrison â€Å"The Bluest Eye† ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www. randomhouse. com/highschool/catalog/display. pperl? isbn=9780375411557 A ; view=excerpt ( Toni Morrison â€Å"The Bluest Eye† ) hypertext transfer protocol: //academic. Brooklyn. cuny. edu/english/melani/cs6/eye61. hypertext markup language ( Toni Morrison â€Å"The Bluest Eye† ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sparknotes. com/lit/bluesteye/quotes. hypertext markup language ( ShengYing ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www. tqnyc. org/NYC040522/thebluesteye/finalwork. htm Bluest Eye Essay she besides retrieve how her sister usage to soothe her by singing to her. With that incident. she remembered that love was present. it is an understood though non straight expressed feeling. The MacTeer family had an add-on ; the first 1 was Mr. Henry Washington who lived with Mrs. Della Jones who already grew old and was left by her hubby who was believed to hold run off with another adult female. Another one is Pecola Breedloove. she is to be commiseration with because her male parent put their household house into ashes and now she’s under the country’s detention. Miss Breedlove. being a portion of the MacTeer household. loves to imbibe milk utilizing Shirley temple cup but Claudia expressed how she ever disliked the Shirley temple and the doll which has giver her as a present for Christmas. She tends to cognize why everyone thinks that the fair-haired doll is beautiful and where could its â€Å"beauty† be found. It was in the afternoon of Saturday when Pecola drank three quarts of milk and Mrs. MacTeer got huffy because of that. the sisters tried to avoid her when Pecola starts shed blooding. Frieda thought that Pecola was merely holding her menses and tried to put a tablet to the latter’s frock. Pecola so all of a sudden asked how babes are made. and so Frieda answered her that she has to happen person to love her first. It is on the Saturday forenoon of October. Mrs. Breedlove aftermaths foremost and started out a sudden explosion of action in the kitchen. Pecola is still in bed but she knows that her female parent will get down a battle with his male parent. The twosome battle between Cholly and his married woman became a everyday every after he gets home rummy. their boy Sammy would really either fall in the battle or run off from place while Pecola would happen a manner of how to stand the state of affairs. Mrs. Breedlove would inquire Cholly to convey her some coal for the range but Cholly would decline to make so and she says that one time she sneezing and gets cold from bringing the coal outside. so the hubby is in problem. Unfortunately Mrs. Breedlove sneezed so the battle started. The married woman would utilize a pan to hit her hubby so their boy would assist her female parent by hitting his male parents head. Once Cholly knocks out. Sammy would inquire his female parent to kill his male parent quick but so his female parent would hush him. On the contrary. Pecola still lies on her bed feeling sick. She even wishes she could merely vanish. She hates herself for her ugliness. her instructor and schoolmates would normally disregard her. She hopes for a blue oculus because she believes that that would do her expression reasonably merely like fair-haired Mary Jane pictured in the confect negligee. Pecola goes to see the cocottes populating above their flat. They are sort to her and would ever state her narratives about their â€Å"boyfriends† who are their clients. China. Poland. and Miss Marie are adult females who are non said to be a victim by their profession. they merely dislike work forces. They don’t experience ashamed of what they are. Pecola was so funny how it is likely to be in love or what love is like. She wonders if love is like her parent’s when doing love ; his male parent doing sounds as if agony in hurting while her female parent is quiet. The winter came when a new miss charmed the whole school. Maureen Peal has a cabinet next to Claudia’s and one twenty-four hours the new comer asked the MacTeer sisters if she could fall in them for walk place. The three misss saw Pecola who was harassed by a circle of male childs they bully her and tease her for holding a dark tegument. Frieda hit a male child and threatens the other. Claudia came in to assist her sister and it seems that the male childs where ready to give the sisters a battle but so Maureen arrived and looks like the male childs did non desire to contend in forepart of her and merely left. Maureen asked the misss if they wanted to hold some ice pick and tends to handle merely Pecola. Claudia on the other manus felt abashed and went on without ice pick. The misss started speaking about menses. Pecola was asked if she had of all time seen her male parent bare and answered that she ne’er did but Maureen continued the issue though the sister told her to halt. The misss argued and Claudia started on impeaching Maureen that the miss is a boy-crazy piece Maureen would state them that they are ugly and that they are black. Pecola was hurt and Claudia was alarmed that what the other miss said is a fact. When the misss got home. they saw Henry entertaining Miss Marie and China. Claudia and Frieda disliked it because they know that their female parent hated those misss. These cocottes come in after Mrs. MacTeer leaves the house. Frieda would inquire Mr. Henry about them but the latter would lie and state her that they are merely members of his bible-study group. A black adult female named Geraldine who was married to adult male named Louis has a kid named junior. Geraldine gives a existent first-class attention of junior physically but early on. the kid understands that her female parent is non capable of giving them fondness ; the adult female would demo fondness merely to cats. As a consequence to this. junior would torment a cat or make something probably to ache the animal. Junior would wish to play with inkinesss but his female parent would non let him to play with what they consider a Low-class or nigga. One clip when Geraldine was out Junior asked Pecola to play with him and promised the miss to demo her some kitty. Pecola was overwhelmed by the beauty of the house. interim. junior throw a cat into her face that scratched her. Pecola tried to go forth but so junior stopped him from the door. The cat begun to wish her and Junior was irritated that Pecola got the cat’s attending. Junior threw the cat and hit the radiator. the cat fell down lifelessly. Geraldine was back by so and saw the cat. on the other manus junior said that Pecola was the 1 who killed it and so Geraldine told Pecola that she was a â€Å"nasty small black bitch† . Now Cholly came home rummy once more finds Pecola busy making the dishes. With mix desires of tenderness and lunacy of fury. Cholly raped his ain girl Pecola. She so swoons and when she wakes up she founds her female parent gazing down at her. In Loraine’s black community a light-skinned who was raised from the West was â€Å"self declared reader so as an adviser† . he is Soaphead church. He was a married adult male but was all of a sudden left two months afterwards so he discovered that he does non suit his profession and so he studied psychopathology and other societal scientific disciplines. had different occupations and eventually came to populate in Lorain. He rents a back from Bertha Reese and the lone job that he has with it is the landlady’s Canis familiaris which disgusts him. He planned to kill the Canis familiaris but every clip he tries he hesitates to travel near it. Pecola came to inquire Soaphead Church for bluish eyes. he understands Pecola and was touched by the child’s petition. He understand her through his ain attractive force to whiteness. he knows that he could non assist her but he told Pecola that she should give Bob. the Canis familiaris. a meat that he in secret poisoned. He said that if the Canis familiaris shows any reaction. her wants will so come true. The Canis familiaris that so ate the meat convulsed and earlier died. Pecola seeing the reaction of the Canis familiaris ran off. Meanwhile Soaphead remembers two kids who let him touch them in exchange of money and Sweets and wrote a missive to god stating that he had ne’er touched Pecola and that he Rivaled God for he had granted Pecola’s wish. It is besides said that she will non literally have her bluish eyes but because of the incident. she will believe she now does. Claudia and Frieda noticed that Pecola was inseminated by her ain male parent who had already run off. The whole vicinity was disgusted by that fact but some of them besides blamed Pecola. When her female parent Pauline found her. she hit her difficult. and beat her until she about loses her breath. The MacTeer sisters were sorrowed by the fact that none of the grownup at their topographic point seem to care for Pecola. In the contrary. Claudia made an thought on her head about how the babe looks like. She imagined that the babe with all the beautiful characteristics ; eyes. lips and tegument. They tend to assist hapless Pecola by praying for her and by giving a forfeit ; they plan to bury the money into Pecola’s house and they will works the remainder of the marigold seeds into their ain pace ( bookrags ) . Pecola started her lunacy and is ever conceive ofing that she has a new friend. Her fanciful friend would state her unfavorable judgments for looking at her ain image at the mirror ; Pecola would get down to inquire about how her eyes are so admiringly bluish and inquire her fanciful friend if her eyes are the bluest 1s. She thinks that all the people around her are covetous of her that’s why no 1 dares to look or gaze at her non even her female parent. Then Pecola’s friend would get down speaking about her male parent. and would state her that Mrs. Breedlove must truly lose her hubby really much because they are doing love a batch. The fanciful friend would impeach Pecola that she liked her father’s sexual progresss during the 2nd clip that Cholly raped her. Pecola got angry and decided to travel on to their first subject about her bluish eyes. Claudia and Frieda felt that they failed because their marigold seed ne’er grew and Pecola’s babe was born without life. Cholly died finally in a workhouse and Mrs. Breedlove and Pecola moved into a new topographic point. Claudia thought that it is the people who stand as the clime for a certain individual who tend to be the flower to bloom ( Toni Morrison The Bluest Eye ) . Citations: †Claudia and Frieda thought that it was because Pecola is holding her father’s babe that the seed of the marigold flower did non grow† ( p. 5 ) . This is when Claudia narrated her friend’s being pregnated by Pecola’s ain male parent ( novelguide. com ) . â€Å"Nuns go by every bit quiet as lecherousness. and bibulous work forces and sober eyes sing in the anteroom of the Grecian hotel ( p. 9 ) ( â€Å"The Bluest Eye† ) it explains that in the fall or the start of the narrative. the people are non who they are every bit said to be. â€Å"We stare at her. desiring her staff of life. but more than that desiring to jab the haughtiness out of her eyes and nail the pride of ownership that curls her mastication oral cavity ( p. 9 ) . â€Å" ( novelguide. com ) it is when Claudia stated how she hated Villanucci non because of the things that the individual possess but because of her attitude towards the societal position that she has. â€Å"It had occurred to Pecola some clip ago that if her eyes. those eyes that held the images. and knew the sights-if those eyes of hers were different. that is to state. beautiful. she herself would be different ( P. 46 ) ( novelguide. com ) . † Pecola believed that her life would be different if merely her eyes would turn into bluish. â€Å"She looks up at him and sees the vacuity where wonder ought to lodge and something more. the entire absence of human recognition-the glassy discreteness. † ( p. 48 ) ( novelguide. com ) it is when Pecola went out to purchase confect and the proprietor of the shop did non look to appreciate the beauty she has as a kid. â€Å"The line between colored and nigger was non ever clear ( novelguide. com ) ; elusive and revealing marks threatened to gnaw it. and the ticker had to be changeless. † ( p. 87 ) ( Toni Morrison â€Å"The Bluest Eye† ) This explains how Geraldine tried to conceal the existent visual aspect of junior by taking good attention of him and his true tegument tone. â€Å"She was secure and grateful ; he was sort and lively. † ( p. 116 ) ( novelguide. com ) . The storyteller stated how the twosome. Pauline and Cholly. went good at the beginning of their relationship. â€Å"She was ne’er able. after her instruction in the films. to look at a face and non delegate it some class in the graduated table of absolute beauty. and the graduated table was one she absorbed in full from the Ag screen. † ( p. 122 ) ( novelguide. com ) . Pauline. the female parent of Pecola believed that she could non be compared with other white individual and that she is non beautiful harmonizing to the criterions of white. â€Å"Her simpleness decorated us ; her guilt sanctified us. her hurting made us glow with wellness. † ( p. 205 ) ( novelguide. com ) . The storyteller explains how Pecola’s lower status composite strengthens the feeling of high quality of the people around her. â€Å"Certain seeds it will non foster certain fruit it will non bear and when the land putting to deaths of its ain will. we acquiesce and say the victim had no right to populate. † ( p. 206 ) ( Toni Morrison â€Å"The Bluest Eye† ) . This explains that Pecola’s babe was born dead because the hapless being was hated and that the kid has no right to populate. â€Å"We had defended ourselves since memory against everything and everybody considered all address a codification to be broken by us. and all gestures subject to careful analysis ; we had become froward. oblique. and chesty. Cipher paid us any attending. so we paid really good attending to ourselves. Our restrictions were non known to us—not so. † ( Second-to-last chapter ) ( Toni Morrison â€Å"The Bluest Eye† ) Claudia meant that they ne’er let themselves be oppressed by other people because their parents are at that place to back up them non unlike Pecola who experiences the confrontation of life and decease jobs without anyone to maintain her strong. â€Å"The birdlike gestures are worn off to a mere picking and tweaking her manner between the tyre rims and the helianthuss. between Coke bottles and silkweed. among all the waste and beauty of the world—which is what she herself was. All of our waste which we dumped on her and which she absorbed ( Toni Morrison â€Å"The Bluest Eye† ) . And all of our beauty. which was hers foremost and which she gave to us. â€Å" ( Last chapter ) ( Toni Morrison â€Å"The Bluest Eye† ) This explains how Pecola was made into a symbol of how individual acquire along through the agonies with fright and learns to confront it with hope that shows the interior beauty of a individual. â€Å"Cholly loved her. I’m certain he did. He. at any rate. was the 1 who loved her adequate to touch her. enfold her. and give something of him to her. But his touch was fatal. and the something he gave her filled the matrix of her torment with decease ( last chapter ) . ( Tony Morrison ) . Claudia believed that Cholly loved Pecola the manner he loved Pauline because he touched her and made love to her like he did with Pauline but the love he has for Pecola was the ground of her lunacy. â€Å"For some ground Cholly had non hated the white work forces ; he hated. despised. the miss. Even a half-remembrance of this episode. along with myriad other humiliations. lickings. and emasculations. could stir him into flights of corruption that surprised himself–but non merely himself† . ( ShengYing ) â€Å"Here was an ugly small girl inquiring for beauty. A small black miss who wanted to lift up out of the cavity of her inkiness and see the universe with bluish eyes. â€Å" ( Tony Morrison ) this was when Pecola approached Soaphead church and asked him to allow her a wish which is to hold those bluish eyes. Work Cited ( Toni Morrison â€Å"The Bluest Eye† ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www. novelguide. com/TheBluestEye/toptenquotes. hypertext markup language ( Toni Morrison â€Å"The Bluest Eye† ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www. randomhouse. com/highschool/catalog/display. pperl? isbn=9780375411557 A ; view=excerpt ( Toni Morrison â€Å"The Bluest Eye† ) hypertext transfer protocol: //academic. Brooklyn. cuny. edu/english/melani/cs6/eye61. hypertext markup language ( Toni Morrison â€Å"The Bluest Eye† ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sparknotes. com/lit/bluesteye/quotes. hypertext markup language ( ShengYing ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www. tqnyc. org/NYC040522/thebluesteye/finalwork. htm

Garment Manufacture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Garment Manufacture - Essay Example Although tariffs will still be in place, the liberalisation of the T&C sector by means of quota abolition is a decisive step towards free trade. But just what does the liberalisation of T&C sector mean to the market and its players (David Birnbaum, 2005) This is where the role of the buyer becomes immensely vital. Manufacturers will need to source raw materials that meet their quality standards and at the same time keep track of competitive prices to keep their brand alive and kicking. Buyers are trained professionals whose hand first-hand information on market trends and vendors. It is in their hands the future of a garment manufacture lie. Garments are an essential part of man's existence. During the age of cavemen, men and women wore the skin of the killed animals to protect them from cold. Gradually, this changed and they began to use plant leaves, and other materials to cover their torso. Though the purpose remains the same, men and women now wear dresses made out of wool, cotton, nylon, synthetic, rayon and silk. Style became a part of society and designers began to showcase their talent through designer wear. Fashion became more pronounced around the 1950s and has since, shown an upward trend. The names of Jean Paul Gaultier, Carolina Herrera, Felipe Oliveira Baptista, Carmen Marc Valvo, Christian Dior, Karl Lagerfeld, and Elie Saab, to name a few, are breakfast names. So what makes them different from others Design and texture, of course! Garments that are worn by people like you and me are in most cases, imitations of what is shown on the ramp. Designer wear are exclusive and cost a fortune. However, garment ma nufacturers the world over, design dresses that are look-alike to their more illustrious cousins on FTV. 3.0 Market Trend For any garment business to succeed or sustain their presence in this highly competitive field, the manufacturer needs to obtain raw materials and at competitive prices. If there is one area of concern, the manufacturer will suffer great lose. Raw materials are an essential aspect of production. If supplies remain unpredictable or truncated, production will seize and the business, doomed. Similarly, if prices escalate and demands grow, there must be a stand-by to cover this. Prices fluctuate periodically and this can affect supplies and pricing. This has to be a very important part of planning. No manufacturer can work on a day-today basis. Orders that are placed over a long period of time need to be executed and at contracted prices. This is when the service of the buyer (sourcing) remains critical. It is never easy for one to identify and maintain continuity with just one supplier. There must be at least a few more alternatives to meet contingency. An important aspect in managing contemporary fashion business is supply chain management. Once an order is placed, the manufactured product needs to reach the designated store or consumer. Retail environment constantly undergoes changes, and unless the product reaches the wholesaler or retailer on time, it could have severe economic and consumer pressure. Market

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Case study - Essay Example Acquisition or alliance is a kind of strategy where a company purchases ownership stakes of another company in order to capture a particular target market. These strategies are also considered as among the pertinent growth strategies of companies in today’s business environment (Sherman, 2010). Many of the companies have come up with such strategies in the recent years. The latest company that has incorporated this strategy is Facebook. The company acquired the stakes of Instagram. It is the company that provides online services such as photo sharing as well as social networking for the users. The company has more than 30 million users worldwide with a total valuation of the firm of around US$20 million. Facebook, a social media giant offered a price of US$1 billion to purchase the stakes of the company. This acquisition will enhance the position of Facebook in front of its competitors, as through the assistance of it the company can provide finest photo sharing experience to its users all around the globe. This is also considered as among the key growth strategies of Facebook (Wharton, 2012; Kosner, 2012; BBC, 2012). This essay will analyse the entire case about the acquisition approach of Facebook and discuss the various threats and opportunities for the company. Furthermore, the essay will also analyse the methods of strategic development and evaluate the ones that will be applicable in Facebook’s acquisition of Instagram. In the later part of the essay, TOWS matrix will be used to analyse the strategic decisions of Facebook and Instagram regarding the acquisition. Strategic Opportunities and Threats of Facebook It can be observed from the analysis of the case study that Facebook will have certain opportunities as well threats as a result of its approach of acquisition of Instagram. There are certain potential benefits for the company. Opportunities It has been determined that owing to the acquisition of Instagram Facebook will strengthen its p osition in front of its major rivals in the market. Acquisition of Instagram will benefit Facebook users quite considerably. Facebook always intended to provide best photo sharing experiences to the customers or users. In this regard, the acquisition will enable the company to accomplish the aforesaid goal as Instagram is capable of delivering best photo sharing experiences for the users. In addition, the applications provided by Instagram will facilitate users of Facebook to leverage instant filters facility, which will be quite unique. This is also among the major opportunities for Facebook. Furthermore, it has been learnt that pictures and images taken from mobile devices appear to be blurred and ordinary. This aspect of photo viewing experience will be completely changed with the inception of the alliance of Facebook with Instagram as the later will enhance the quality of pictures captured and they can also be easily shared. Moreover, pictures taken with the help of cell phones cannot be processed before uploading them to Facebook, but with the help of

FAS 202 Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

FAS 202 Final - Essay Example Baroque era ideas of empire, iconography and compositions movement occur in the eighteenth century. Conversely, architecture is emanates from the Renaissance in Europe in the fifteenth century extending to the corresponding sixteenth century subsequent to the development of the Gothic. Renaissance Architecture was first developed by Filippo Brunelleschi. The two works of art that is painting and architecture have very close correlation in regard to the places initial places they commenced. Baroque painting and Renaissance architecture style begun in Italy then subsequently spread to other parts of Europe. They are interrelated in regard to painting and architecture in that they both utilize distinctive classical forms, which are used in books, valuable objects and oil painting. This makes them relatively easier to compare and contrast. Baroque painting style commenced within Rome, Italy and subsequently spread to other parts of Europe. Moreover, it is closely associated with the renowned Baroque cultural movement that is it associated with Absolutism (Castex, 2008). Absolutism is a renowned Counter Reformation and the Catholic Revival. It mainly possesses fundamental era ideas of empire, iconography and compositions movement that took place in the eighteenth century. Baroque painting is characterized by massive performance that is rich in deep color and corresponding deep light coupled with the dark shadows. These features are mainly utilized to depict the duration prior to the event (Dickerson, 2013). Renaissance architecture occur in the period amidst 15th and early 17th centuries within diverse regions of the Europe due to the conscious revival and advancement of particular elements pertaining to ancient Greek and Roman and the corresponding material culture (Bohn & Saslow, 2013). It followed the renowned Gothic architecture that was succeeded by the corresponding Baroque architecture Renaissance architecture majorly employ Classical art

The effects of the educational assessment on the students life Essay

The effects of the educational assessment on the students life - Essay Example Assessments take different forms and range from simple but subjective judgments to complex standardized tests. Educational assessments have profound effects on the lives of students. This is because they often determine the chances that a student has to advance in academics and other aspects of life. This paper focuses on effects of educational assessments on the students’ life. In any learning institution, assessments form an integral part of the curriculum. They indicate how well the students understand academic aspects. Additionally, the results obtained after the assessments are used for different purposes such as education advancement, grading, seeking funds, and in placement or ranking of students. Depending on the purpose that the assessment was designed for, the effects of the outcomes affect students differently (Gibbs and Simpson 16-19; Mclnerney, Brown and Darmanegara 72-76). Every assessment is designed to serve a given purpose. Academic assessments are intended to determine the student’s status regarding a given topic. There are numerous arguments on whether assessments reflect the intelligence of students. Traditionally, the role of teachers entailed teaching or instilling knowledge on the students. The students were supposed to concern themselves with learning whatever the teacher teaches. Assessment was considered a tool of evaluating how well the students had understood. The focus of the assessment was for judging the students (Mclnerney, Brown and Darmanegara 101-104). The effects of educational assessments on the students life is greatly determined by the purpose of the assessment. Learning institutions and instructors use assessments for varying purposes. Being able to determine the level of knowledge in students can be hard. Assessments are important in that they enable the instructors determine the level of knowledge a student possesses. Assessments are used in making educational decisions such as whether a student is qualifi ed to proceed to the next learning level. This is because the assessments are supposed to evaluate if the students have the capacity to understand courses given at each level. If students fail to prevail in a test, they may be barred from proceeding to the next academic level. Therefore, assessment affect the rate at which student complete a curriculum. Assessments for purposes like those that have been discussed above should be tailored appropriately to ensure that they are reliable and fair (Gibbs and Simpson 24-26). There is always competition for resources. Assessments are often used to determine the individuals who can benefit from such resources. Awards such as scholarships are often based on academic performances. For students who may not have enough finances and may want to apply for scholarships, assessments are crucial. They are often used by those awarding scholarships for selection purposes. In such cases, assessments may determine the chances of the students to further their academics (Gibbs and Simpson 24-26). Academic assessments may result in labeling of students as failures or achievers, depending on their scores. Since assessments are used to evaluate the level of knowledge in students, those students who fail to achieve the set pass mark are considered failures while those who prevail are considered successful. Being considered a failure or successful has effects on the students. When students fail,

Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Biology - Essay Example Hence, it is paramount to protect the biodiversity in order to avoid adverse effects on the environment. Biodiversity is an issue of immense concern to me because I love my city and natural environment, and I need to conserve the ecosystems. Kuwait has been experiencing challenges in the ecosystem. Notably, desertification has affected the ability of Kuwait to support and maintain the native fauna and flora. The plant cover has reduced drastically, and accelerated soil erosion is a reality. I believe that the human interference with nature has contributed to desertification and the threat of wildlife extinction in Kuwait. Such undesired effects have disrupted the natural dynamics of the ecosystems. I support any effort that seeks to protect diversity in Kuwait in order to restore the natural environment. In my opinion, it is important for Kuwait to develop and promote sound environmentally friendly strategies to identify the endangered plant and animal species and conserve them. The collection of the plant seeds is an important exercise that can assist in preserving the natural plants and restoring the natural heritage of Kuwait’s

Effects of Malnourishment on Children when they Age Term Paper

Effects of Malnourishment on Children when they Age - Term Paper Example It is not starvation or poverty as such. It has got wider meaning than just poverty or starvation. In some occasions, malnutrition also means excess of afore said vitamins and minerals adversely affecting the good health of a person. However, it is the problem of under nutrition that most nations are concerned with. It is the children who mostly fall victims to under nutrition. These children may get food to satisfy their hunger but not inevitably the nutrients and minerals that are necessary for the proper development. It is estimated that more than fifty percent of the child deaths in the developing countries are due to malnutrition. Those who survive end up with life time problems. Similarly, it is wrong to assume that an overweight child is healthy. The fatty foods and chocolate bars one consumes will surely bring him into troubles such as fatness and cholesterol. Children being the future human resource reservoirs of a nation, any government neglecting attention to this, are com promising its own human resource needs of future. For the proper development and functioning of the human body vitamins and minerals are a must. They are unavoidable in the case of children as the momentum of growth is augmented at this age. The deficiency of minerals like calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, potassium, zinc and vitamins have their effects always on a growing child. As Scrimshaw (n.d.) points out, calcium is one of the major minerals lacked by children of under developed countries in their diet. It has a good involvement in the healthy development of bones and teeth of young people. The hardness of the bones is due to the presence of adequate calcium elements in the body. Due to the deficiency of calcium a lot of problems may occur to children. The most important among the bone disease caused by calcium deficiency is Osteoporosis that causes fractures in weak bones and makes bones easier to break. When children grow up, they deficiency they had in the childhood will hav e its effects and their bones will likely to be broken at the slightest collision or clash. At the growing age, children are expected to be exuberant and rushing everywhere causing little damage to their own bodies. However, children who suffer from Osteoporosis are not likely to be active and vibrant like normal children and are about to badly harm them if they try to behave like normal children. Another effect of malnourishment on children is their paled color. This paled color of the skin is caused by anemia. Iron deficiency is a major cause of this illness. It is the presence of iron that ensures sufficient number of red blood cells in the human body (Iron-Deficiency Anaemia). The anemia infected children will be fatigue and usually inactive. There may not be sufficient blood circulation in their body to make them energetic. It may also pave way to poisoning and infections and losing immunity power of body or may even cause behavioral problems among children. Children who did no t get adequate magnesium content diet may fall victims to problems like tingling, numbing and hallucination. Being frozen and indulge in day dreaming causing behavioral problems such as being introvert and sensitive. The symptoms of the deficiency of this mineral are fatigue, drowsiness and weakness. Absence of minerals like potassium elements in blood leads to a number of common diseases such as hypertension, osteoporosis and kidney stone. It is potassium that works to regulate blood pressure and muscle contraction. Increasing blood pressure is a sign of lack of potassium in blood.

Forest Conservation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Forest Conservation - Essay Example Forest plays multidimensional nurturing role in nature. Forest plays roles of carbon trapping (formally known as carbon sequestration), supply of wood, and from natural kidney to sedimentation reduction. (Markels and Barber, 2002) Forest plays a vital role beyond its aesthetic appeal and bio diversity. (Forests Canada 2008) Canadian forests are under threat due to commercial exploration of oils and minerals. Most of the probable exploitable areas lie within the forests and the choice between them has become binary. (Forests Canada 2008) The choice between forest and other natural resources has become mutually exclusive. Moreover, most of the Canadian forests are not under the legal arm of ‘reserve’ forest. This makes Canadian forest more vulnerable .The importance of forest at the time of global warming, water quality and resource management problem does not need any introduction. Reduction in Forest will aggravate global warming and its associated problems. Problems associated with drinking water shortage, increase in frequency of floods will become more prevalent. Canadian forests does not play only regional role in the aforesaid areas but also in a global domain. The contribution in carbon sequestering by the Canadian forest to the world climate is highly considerable and any depletion i s bound to affect global climate as a whole. GEMCO is found to manage and monitor the forest and environmental quality.It is very important to note that forest is also associated with the wellbeing of other species.

Contribution of Digital Projections for Approaching Mise En Scene in Contemporary Theatre Performance Essay Example for Free

Contribution of Digital Projections for Approaching Mise En Scene in Contemporary Theatre Performance Essay In this research paper I’m going to describe about theater production technology which it is using digital production and how it is saturate to the mise en scene. Cinematic theater is term of using digital projection in contemporary theatre. That can be briefly described as a fusion of live performance and the magic of the big screen. By utilizing the best dramatic devices that each art form has to covey a story and entertain an audience; the possibilities to create interesting narratives and stage dynamics through the synergy of stage and cinematic design is exciting. Cinematic theatre is a contemporary style of drama that revolves around using pre-edited and live vision sequences to be projected onto screens and surfaces. These sequences are then integrated with the live performance to create dramatic meaning that interacts with the dramatic action on stage. The integrated use of projection during scenes and scene changes allows the stage action to become continuous, therefore creating a suspension of disbelief that engages the audience. In the ever increasing technological environment, more and more information and storytelling is being brought to us through visual images and screens; contemporary audiences are able to read layered visual texts. In developing a creative rationale for the utilization of cinematic sequences in live performance you have to consider various factors; how to use the projected vision without overwhelming the stage performance, creating a theatrical and visual design that enhances the dramatic meaning and the narrative choice between screen and stage action. To guide the creation and production of new work we have developed a description of the elements of cinematic integration for live performance. To accompany the Cinematic Theatre style they have devised a comprehensive creative rationale that we teach to educators and students using the conventions and elements that we utilize to produce visual performance work. Primary Conventions: The basic principle of Cinematic Theatre is to create a continual experience by using visual sequences projected onto screens or surfaces, in conjunction with set design and lives performance to create different dramatic spaces. The cinematic design should be active throughout the performance, to achieve this there are two primary conventions that are used to integrate the stage with the Visual design: Cinematic Backdrop is the live visual environment that works together with live scenes on stage to create a dynamic visual design to enhance the dramatic action. There number of ways to utilize the live backdrop: Cinematic Transitions are the visual sequences between the live stage scenes that allow the performance to continue during scene changes keeping the audience engaged. These transitions work very well with music and the use of popular songs to accompany these cinematic sequences to add meaning and action, especially if the music chosen is representative of the narrative. Visual Conventions: In producing a Cinematic Theatre production there are number visual conventions that can be utilized to create a genuinely integrated performance. Style Elements: When conceptualizing the visual component of a cinematic theatre performance it is important to address the overall style with reference to the script/ narrative/ context. In below describe technologies, which is using for the cinematic theatre. Screens and Surfaces: Traditionally projection has been used on one screen directly behind the stage action, much like a movie screen. With more mobile projectors and screens it is possible to think of new ways to place and project images. A number of screens can be used to create different effects, in What Simon Said? there rear projected screens were used to create the walls of the character’s room as the cinematic background. We envisage being able to create large-scale immersive environments to create distant horizons, urban architecture or multiple images. Stage design allowing the utilization of projected images on surfaces can create a dynamic canvas on which to apply vision. The applications are only limited by your imagination and ability to position the projector. Some examples include: a window space to see outside, a mirror to show symbolic representations of character, floor space to create a pool of water, smoke, curtains etc. Lighting design: It is important when incorporating video into live performance that you consider the effect of lights on the screen surface. One difficulty in setting lights is that they can significantly degrade the brightness and colour of the screen images if there is light either directly hitting or bouncing from the floor onto the screen. One solution is to set the screen up from the floor and placing some blocks/staging in front to block some of the bouncing light. When considering colour gels it is imperative to consider colours used in the screen images and try to match them as well as possible to give a blended effect. Mise-en-scà ¨ne Mise-en-scà ¨ne is a French term and originates in the theater. It means, literally, put in the scene. For film, it has a broader meaning, and refers to almost everything that goes into the composition of the shot, including the composition itself: framing, movement of the camera and characters, lighting, set design and gen earl visual environment, even sound as it helps elaborate the composition. Mise-en-scà ¨ne can be defined as the articulation of cinematic space, and it is precisely space that it is about. Cutting is about time; the shot is about what occurs in a defined area of space, bordered by the frame of the movie screen and determined by what the camera has been made to record. That space, the mise-en-scà ¨ne, can be unique, closed off by the frame, or open, providing the illusion of more space around it. Four aspects of mise-en-scene, which overlap the physical art of the theatre, are setting, costume, lighting and movement of figures. Control of these elements provides the director an opportunity to stage events. Using these elements, the film director stages the event for the camera to provide his audience with vivid, sharp memories. Directors and film scholars alike recognize mise-en-scene as an essential part of the director’s creative art. Conclusion In this research I’m trying to explain ‘contribution of digital projections for approaching mise en scene in contemporary theatre performance.’ In the first part I briefly explain what is ‘Digital projections’, ‘mise en scene’ and ‘contemporary theatre performance’. Mise en scene is French term and it generally use for film appreciation or film criticism. But previously this term use for critic theatre productions. Actual meaning of mise en sence is ‘put in the Frame’. Frame is basically explained in both film and theatre. So I think using term of mise en sence is possible in theatre productions. For creating theatre sets, props and space generally using hard materials. But in this art form those things create by digital projections. This is major development of the contemporary theatre productions. Further more I’m explaining advantages and disadvantages of usage digital projection in this art form. Finally I’m talking about choreographers who use this art form successfully and showing few videos. Basically this is new art form. It is impossible to compare with other theatre performance, which is not using digital projections. Choreographers day by day create new art pieces using projections. So I think this is major occasion of digital media use in society.