Overview and Analysis of the PAPA Model

Overview and Analysis of the PAPA Model PAPA Model: Today, the massive use of computer science information technology in the business world and other intuitions has brought many ethical issues and concern. Mason introduced four most crucial ethical issues of the information era on 1986: which are Privacy, accuracy, property and accessibility abbreviated to PAPA. Mason’s PAPA model focused on the individual impairment which could arise from the unethical or misuse of information and information technology. Based on the Framework developed by Mason we can analyse and reach the conclusion on ethical issues emerged by the unethical use of information technology. PAPA model enlightens depth knowledge on what the Privacy, accuracy, property and accuracy means, how they are interrelated, what are their differences and how they help us to reach the conclusion on ethical issues. Privacy: In general understanding, privacy means the right to be free from secret scrutiny and to determine whether, when, how and to whom, one’s personal or organisational information is to be revealed. The privacy Act 1988 regulates how personal information is handled. The Privacy Act defines personal information as †¦information or an opinion, whether true or not, and whether recorded in a material form or not, about an identified individual, or an individual who us reasonably identifiable. There are two main factors which threaten our privacy today, firstly growth of information technology with its capacity of scrutiny, communication, computing, retrieval and storage, and secondly the increased value of information in decision making. Accuracy: It is the condition or quality of being true, correct or exact; free from error or defect. Inaccuracy may cause detracting situation on person’s life, organisations and business values. Here arises some question: who should be responsible for accuracy and authenticity of collected information? How can one believe that the data will be correctly inputted, processed properly and presented to users? On what basis should we believe bugs in database or system and processing are not done with intention and occurred accidently. Who takes the responsibility for glitch in information and how the victim will be reimbursed. Property: Property issues are concentrated on ownership and value of information. It also seeks the answer of few questions like, who is the owner of the information. What is the value of the exchange, and in which way the access to information or the recourses should be allocated? Here property means the intellectual property and its right. Once the intellectual property is provided somewhere or transmitted, it is complicated to keep the person as it becomes communicable and more difficult to be reimbursed. Accessibility: its issues are concerned on who has the permission to access the information, who holds the rights or keys to access it, what data an individual or organisations are privileged to acquire with which safeguards and under what terms and conditions? After going through the scenario provided and from my own research I consider, all four areas have given rise to ethical issues for Joseph where some have higher level of the issue whereas other has a low level effect. Most importantly it gives rise to privacy issues followed by others. Privacy issues: Joseph’s personal or we can say the very confidential information was compromised which could lead to very disastrous consequences, identity theft makes life miserable. If Joseph had given attention on lecture’s warning to them to be careful and vigilant while providing personal information to companies over the internet, he might be on safe side but rather he thought him old-fashioned and never thought some issues may arise while providing information to a company like Sony. How can one decide on whom to trust? How much information can one give to others? Accuracy Issues: Being the customer of Sony Joseph had right to get accurate and timely information, to whom he had provided his personal information to credit card details with trust. Accurate information of personal information and credit card details being hacked was provided only after a whole week of the incident following by other misleading and fake information. Though, the hackers couldn’t do any misuse of data they might have destroyed everything in a week time customers could take precaution to Property Issues: When Joseph could not restore the backup file it gives rise to property issues. He bought games from Sony he collected trophies but did he really own that? Did Sony own the data that customers provided? Sony’s data breach is one of the biggest data breach to date which has given rise to various concerns in the Sony’s privacy policy and security measures. Though, other issues also marked a question to Sony’s management especially it has fueled to Privacy concern. When an organisation gathers personal information of its customers, employees and other stakeholders they must assure the safety and security of those. Breach of personal information can be proved very dangerous and it has been proved in many cases, for example, Jessica’s Story of the mail scam. The main issue and the question arise to Sony is where they really serious on Privacy issues, had they meet all the privacy measures and followed the protocol. If they had done so how someone could hack and enter into their system. Breach of over 77million accounts including all the personal details and credit card of the customer was not a small issue. This issue gave a big question mark to Sony. The mana gement took a whole week to inform its customer of the actual reason for shutdown of its network, which is questionable. If a breach does occur, effective handling of the response is a key. This means planning and preparing for such an event in advance. A policy should be drawn up, under which it is suggested that prompt notification is made to both the customers and the regulators. All staff should have data protection training appropriate to their role, and appropriate compensation, support and remedial plans should be prepared. Though it was Sony violated the privacy of its customer Appropriate technical and organisational measures shall be taken against unauthorised or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of, or damage to, personal data. I find some statements made by Privacy commissioner Timothy Pilgrim questionable. He stated that Sony did have a case to answer as they did not intentionally disclose any confidential information is not surprising, simply put Australia has no real commercial Privacy or security legislation for Sony to breach. The fact that Sony did not show a duty of care and/or displayed a complete lack regard for the personal information entrusted to them by their clients is completely ignored by the commissioner. Sonys duty of care is to maintain appropriate IT security systems, policies and procedures to maintain client data confidential, private and available whether at rest, in transit or in a process. It is obvious that they did not take these duties of care obligations seriously until that proverbial substance hit the fan. Statement by Pilgrim â€Å"Sony has now extra security measures to strengthen protection around the network platforms† highlights its historical disregard for client confidentiality in their corporate culture and I do not think that any Australian Government officials should comment and try to forgive such obvious laissez-faire behaviour. Can he answer us, what reasonable steps Sony took to protect individual’s credentials? Now, they actually created a CSO role. They didnt have this before? What fines were handed down for this breach? How can he show that legislation protects individual’s information to overseas organisations? I opened this investigation because I was concerned that Australians personal information may have been compromised, Pilgrim said. However, his concerns were unfounded, with Pilgrim finding that the company hadnt breached the Act. Seriously, just why does Sony Corporation require our full date of birth? Year only should be adequate to verify a customer is over 18 probe further only if the year reveals someone turning 18 that year. As such, Sony should be 100% liable for any loss plus damages for emotional distress to any customer, their spouse and immediate family, in respect of any customer who has their identity was stolen and fraud committed. And also it has to be made clear that whether it identified a culprit in the intrusion. Guilty must be punished.

My Christmas and New Years Vacation Essay

On my new years and Christmas vacation started off bad but towards the end it became good. I had a lot of fun spending time with my family to be honest. We ate to much like Golden Coral , Cookies and milk , and The Christmas dinner. On Christmas Eve night we had the cookies and milk once you but the cookies in your mouth they were so moist soon as they touch the tip of your tongue. On Christmas we went to golden corral and it seem like they add more food in the buffet to be honest. For some reason it was many types of smells. When we went to the mall, and soon as I walked in the mall aroma of the mall smelled like Topsy. On new years it seem like it was like a ghost of fireworks walking up and down through the streets. In the house there was a smell of a vanilla candle that really smelled. Out of all of the incredible smells that I had taken in there was a bad smell awaiting for me and that was the smell of chitlins, wooo that smell is nothing nice. Thankful my mama knows has to keep that awful smell down. When the day seems long I would lie in my comfortable bed. I was able to go over to one of my cousin’s house which was a cool thing to get away from the house. I would just lie there and pet on the dog’s soft furrier coat. Once that was over back to the home front it was good to see my little brother. I gave him a hug and a rub on his curly soft hair. While on break the sight of the snow was amazing. Just watching it comes down and hitting the ground was a pretty sight. Then to watch some of the kids out playing making snowmen was a great sight also. What wasn’t a great sight was seeing the news and watching how people were wrecking their cars. After, seeing all that pretty snow the sight is not a good look now it’s dirty looking Listening to the good music and hearing laughter filled my whole vacation. Watching my family sit down talking and playing cards was great. It was nice seeing everyone getting along was good laughter to my heart. Just having family together over my break bring all the laughter this world can give. .

The Current Demand For Energy - 1238 Words

1. Introduction Europe experienced two energy crises during the 1970s, which led to escalating demand for energy resources (specifically, oil) that could not be adequately supplied (Bonny, 1987; Donatos Mergos, 1989). This led to a decrease in economic activity that reflected as a decrease in the demand for energy in the form of oil. Alternative energy sources needed to be considered in order to maintain the economic activities of society without further depleting the natural resources. Besides these crises in the 1970s, Greece had shown a remarkable ability to adapt to energy crises experienced in the 5th Century BC (Donatos Mergos, 1989; Botkin Keller, 2012). The current demand for energy is akin to the â€Å"perception of crisis that†¦show more content†¦This essay will highlight some of the issues related to the energy crises and discuss potential solutions that form part of an integrated energy management system. The purpose of the integrated management system would be to ensure that there is a combination of technologies that is customised to the receiving environment, which will ensure that there is â€Å"sustainable energy development† (Botkin Keller, 2012). This research essay will be based on the energy crisis. Open Educational Resources (OER) will be used together with journal cited references. The OER references provides students and teachers with a platform for unrestricted sharing of educational knowledge (Glennie et al., 2013). 2. Potential Solutions to Energy Crisis Sustainable energy development must be developed on a local level using technologies that have little impact on its receiving environment in the immediate future and for future generations (Botkin Keller, 2012). The ultimate aim would be a change in lifestyle to ensure that energy sources on a local level are independent from the current infrastructure setup (Evenson, Zarske Carlson, 2005). The energy use on a local level can be used as a gauge for national policy to steer countries in the direction of sustainable energy development (Ziramba, 2008). 2.1 Renewable Energy Technologies Energy from the sun may be utilised in various methods, as shown in Table 1. Solar thermal technologies (including the solar water heater) has seen an increase

Reading Is A Process Of Translating Visual Codes Into...

Reading is one of the basic components of literacy. â€Å"Reading is a process of translating visual codes into meaningful language† (Whitehurst Lonigan, 1998, p. 849). Children with emerging literacy are at the early stages of reading which mostly involves decoding letters into their corresponding sounds and then linking those sounds to single words. A study was conducted that found that 5% of a child’s daily speech was entirely produced during joint book reading (as cited in Whitehurst Lonigan, 1998 p. 855). Reading is made up of the following components: contextual, semantic, language, sound, and print units. Several studies have shown the significance that the frequency of shared book reading has on children’s emergent literacy skills (Lancy Bergin, 1992; Petrill, Logan, Sawyer, Justice, 2014; Sawyer, et al., 2014; Senechal, Lefevre, Thomas , Daley, 1996; Sà ©nà ©chal LeFevre, 2002; Whitehurst Lonigan, 1998). In a study focused on the frequency and range of purpose of reading the researchers discovered that reading sometimes solely depended on the child’s reading fluency. It continued to say that the child’s reading was most fluent with a parent around and became more fluent with more practice. The child was more likely to read more times when the parent made reading enjoyable (Lancy Bergin, 1992). Lancy and Bergin (1992) effectively present the positive correlation between the frequency of storybook reading in the home and early literacy achievements.Show MoreRelatedNature vs Nurture Physical Development1595 Words   |  7 PagesDecoding is the process translating a written word into a spoken word (cracking the code). An individual who has developed adequate decoding skills can begin to acquire fluency when reading no longer requires a conscious, deliberate effort. 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