Essay --

Federalist and Antifederalist By and large, constitution is the system of fundamental laws and principles that prescribes the nature, functions, and limits of a government or another institution. In particular for United States, constitution is the fundamental law of the United States, framed in 1787, ratified in 1789, and variously amended since then. As a matter of fact, it’s the symbol of healthy environment that gives all opportunities to one and all to speak against or in favor of any sort of constitutional amendment. Proudly speaking, it’s the meritorious political culture of United States that encourages all American to indulge himself or herself in any sort of debate and discussion pertaining to Constitution of United States. Presence of both Federalist and Antifederalist, in my opinion, is itself blessing for the nation which enables to adopt any constitutional amendment unanimously after a long discussion between both sides. That process simply facilitates the governmental course of action that at length smoothes the progress of the country devoid of any further interruption. â€Å"The Treaty of New York with the Creeks (Document A) is another example of the government passing laws without the consent of the people. People did not feel that this treaty was just, because ceasing their alliance with France, who helped them in the war, and starting a â€Å"friendship† with the Native Americans who fought against them in the war, was not a smart thing to do (Document C). This treaty, as well as the Whiskey Rebellion, is examples of the Federalist government being selfish, and putting their own personal beliefs over those of the people. The men who ran the government were not kings; they were representatives; and the fact that they ... ...ould Wills destroy his own straw man†. (A Necessary Distortion) Being a part of this nation, the effects of prolonged heated debate between federalists and antifederalists on me are something that can not be avoided. Instead of describing how this thing affects me I would rather put in plain words by citing famous quotation of Pulitzer Prize winning Garry Wills who once said â€Å"The real victims [of Constitutional arguments] are the millions of poor or shelter-less or medically indigent who have been told, over the years, that they must lack care or life support in the name of their very own freedom." References DBQ Federalist vs. Antifederalist By: Beast, July 22, 2003, http://www.chuckiii.com/Reports/American_History/DBQ_Federalist_vs_Antifederalist.shtml A Necessary Distortion by Wendy McElroy [Posted January 11, 2000] http://www.mises.org/fullstory.asp?control=365

The Da Vinci Code Chapter 84-86

CHAPTER 84 In a rubbish-strewn alley very close to Temple Church, Remy Legaludec pulled the Jaguar limousine to a stop behind a row of industrial waste bins. Killing the engine, he checked the area. Deserted. He got out of the car, walked toward the rear, and climbed back into the limousine's main cabin where the monk was. Sensing Remy's presence, the monk in the back emerged from a prayer-like trance, his red eyes looking more curious than fearful. All evening Remy had been impressed with this trussed man's ability to stay calm. After some initial struggles in the Range Rover, the monk seemed to have accepted his plight and given over his fate to a higher power. Loosening his bow tie, Remy unbuttoned his high, starched, wing-tipped collar and felt as if he could breathe for the first time in years. He went to the limousine's wet bar, where he poured himself a Smirnoff vodka. He drank it in a single swallow and followed it with a second. Soon I will be a man of leisure. Searching the bar, Remy found a standard service wine-opener and flicked open the sharp blade. The knife was usually employed to slice the lead foil from corks on fine bottles of wine, but it would serve a far more dramatic purpose this morning. Remy turned and faced Silas, holding up the glimmering blade. Now those red eyes flashed fear. Remy smiled and moved toward the back of the limousine. The monk recoiled, struggling against his bonds. â€Å"Be still,† Remy whispered, raising the blade. Silas could not believe that God had forsaken him. Even the physical pain of being bound Silas had turned into a spiritual exercise, asking the throb of his blood-starved muscles to remind him of the pain Christ endured. I have been praying all night for liberation.Now, as the knife descended, Silas clenched his eyes shut. A slash of pain tore through his shoulder blades. He cried out, unable to believe he was going to die here in the back of this limousine, unable to defend himself. I was doing God's work.TheTeacher said he would protect me. Silas felt the biting warmth spreading across his back and shoulders and could picture his own blood, spilling out over his flesh. A piercing pain cut through his thighs now, and he felt the onset of that familiar undertow of disorientation – the body's defense mechanism against the pain. As the biting heat tore through all of his muscles now, Silas clenched his eyes tighter, determined that the final image of his life would not be of his own killer. Instead he pictured a younger Bishop Aringarosa, standing before the small church in Spain†¦ the church that he and Silas had built with their own hands. The beginning of my life. Silas felt as if his body were on fire. â€Å"Take a drink,† the tuxedoed man whispered, his accent French. â€Å"It will help with your circulation.† Silas's eyes flew open in surprise. A blurry image was leaning over him, offering a glass of liquid. A mound of shredded duct tape lay on the floor beside the bloodless knife. â€Å"Drink this,† he repeated. â€Å"The pain you feel is the blood rushing into your muscles.† Silas felt the fiery throb transforming now to a prickling sting. The vodka tasted terrible, but he drank it, feeling grateful. Fate had dealt Silas a healthy share of bad luck tonight, but God had solved it all with one miraculous twist. God has not forsaken me. Silas knew what Bishop Aringarosa would call it. Divine intervention. â€Å"I had wanted to free you earlier,† the servant apologized,† but it was impossible. With the police arriving at Chateau Villette, and then at Biggin Hill airport, this was the first possible moment. You understand, don't you, Silas?† Silas recoiled, startled. â€Å"You know my name?† The servant smiled. Silas sat up now, rubbing his stiff muscles, his emotions a torrent of incredulity, appreciation, and confusion. â€Å"Are you†¦ the Teacher?† Remy shook his head, laughing at the proposition. â€Å"I wish I had that kind of power. No, I am not the Teacher. Like you, I serve him. But the Teacher speaks highly of you. My name is Remy.† Silas was amazed. â€Å"I don't understand. If you work for the Teacher, why did Langdon bring the keystone to your home?† â€Å"Not my home. The home of the world's foremost Grail historian, Sir Leigh Teabing.† â€Å"But you live there. The odds†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Remy smiled, seeming to have no trouble with the apparent coincidence of Langdon's chosen refuge. â€Å"It was all utterly predictable. Robert Langdon was in possession of the keystone, and he needed help. What more logical place to run than to the home of Leigh Teabing? That I happen to live there is why the Teacher approached me in the first place.† He paused. â€Å"How do you think the Teacher knows so much about the Grail?† Now it dawned, and Silas was stunned. The Teacher had recruited a servant who had access to all of Sir Leigh Teabing's research. It was brilliant. â€Å"There is much I have to tell you,† Remy said, handing Silas the loaded Heckler Koch pistol. Then he reached through the open partition and retrieved a small, palm-sized revolver from the glove box. â€Å"But first, you and I have a job to do.† Captain Fache descended from his transport plane at Biggin Hill and listened in disbelief to the Kent chief inspector's account of what had happened in Teabing's hangar. â€Å"I searched the plane myself,† the inspector insisted,† and there was no one inside.† His tone turned haughty. â€Å"And I should add that if Sir Leigh Teabing presses charges against me, I will – â€Å" â€Å"Did you interrogate the pilot?† â€Å"Of course not. He is French, and our jurisdiction requires – â€Å"Take me to the plane.† Arriving at the hangar, Fache needed only sixty seconds to locate an anomalous smear of blood on the pavement near where the limousine had been parked. Fache walked up to the plane and rapped loudly on the fuselage. â€Å"This is the captain of the French Judicial Police. Open the door!† The terrified pilot opened the hatch and lowered the stairs. Fache ascended. Three minutes later, with the help of his sidearm, he had a full confession, including a description of the bound albino monk. In addition, he learned that the pilot saw Langdon and Sophie leave something behind in Teabing's safe, a wooden box of some sort. Although the pilot denied knowing what was in the box, he admitted it had been the focus of Langdon's full attention during the flight to London. â€Å"Open the safe,† Fache demanded. The pilot looked terrified. â€Å"I don't know the combination!† â€Å"That's too bad. I was going to offer to let you keep your pilot's license.† The pilot wrung his hands. â€Å"I know some men in maintenance here. Maybe they could drill it?† â€Å"You have half an hour.† The pilot leapt for his radio. Fache strode to the back of the plane and poured himself a hard drink. It was early, but he had not yet slept, so this hardly counted as drinking before noon. Sitting in a plush bucket seat, he closed his eyes, trying to sort out what was going on. The Kent police's blunder could cost me dearly. Everyone was now on the lookout for a black Jaguar limousine. Fache's phone rang, and he wished for a moment's peace. â€Å"Allo?† â€Å"I'm en route to London.† It was Bishop Aringarosa. â€Å"I'll be arriving in an hour.† Fache sat up. â€Å"I thought you were going to Paris.† â€Å"I am deeply concerned. I have changed my plans.† â€Å"You should not have.† â€Å"Do you have Silas?† â€Å"No. His captors eluded the local police before I landed.† Aringarosa's anger rang sharply. â€Å"You assured me you would stop that plane!† Fache lowered his voice. â€Å"Bishop, considering your situation, I recommend you not test my patience today. I will find Silas and the others as soon as possible. Where are you landing?† â€Å"One moment.† Aringarosa covered the receiver and then came back. â€Å"The pilot is trying to get clearance at Heathrow. I'm his only passenger, but our redirect was unscheduled.† â€Å"Tell him to come to Biggin Hill Executive Airport in Kent. I'll get him clearance. If I'm not here when you land, I'll have a car waiting for you.† â€Å"Thank you.† â€Å"As I expressed when we first spoke, Bishop, you would do well to remember that you are not the only man on the verge of losing everything.† CHAPTER 85 You seek the orb that ought be on his tomb. Each of the carved knights within the Temple Church lay on his back with his head resting on a rectangular stone pillow. Sophie felt a chill. The poem's reference to an† orb† conjured images of the night in her grandfather's basement. Hieros Gamos. The orbs. Sophie wondered if the ritual had been performed in this very sanctuary. The circular room seemed custom-built for such a pagan rite. A stone pew encircled a bare expanse of floor in the middle. A theater in the round, as Robert had called it. She imagined this chamber at night, filled with masked people, chanting by torchlight, all witnessing a† sacred communion† in the center of the room. Forcing the image from her mind, she advanced with Langdon and Teabing toward the first group of knights. Despite Teabing's insistence that their investigation should be conducted meticulously, Sophie felt eager and pushed ahead of them, making a cursory walk-through of the five knights on the left. Scrutinizing these first tombs, Sophie noted the similarities and differences between them. Every knight was on his back, but three of the knights had their legs extended straight out while two had their legs crossed. The oddity seemed to have no relevance to the missing orb. Examining their clothing, Sophie noted that two of the knights wore tunics over their armor, while the other three wore ankle-length robes. Again, utterly unhelpful. Sophie turned her attention to the only other obvious difference – their hand positions. Two knights clutched swords, two prayed, and one had his arms at his side. After a long moment looking at the hands, Sophie shrugged, having seen no hint anywhere of a conspicuously absent orb. Feeling the weight of the cryptex in her sweater pocket, she glanced back at Langdon and Teabing. The men were moving slowly, still only at the third knight, apparently having no luck either. In no mood to wait, she turned away from them toward the second group of knights. As she crossed the open space, she quietly recited the poem she had read so many times now that it was committed to memory. In London lies a knight a Pope interred. His labor's fruit a Holy wrath incurred. You seek the orb that ought be on his tomb. It speaks of Rosy flesh and seeded womb. When Sophie arrived at the second group of knights, she found that this second group was similar to the first. All lay with varied body positions, wearing armor and swords. That was, all except the tenth and final tomb. Hurrying over to it, she stared down. No pillow. No armor. No tunic. No sword. â€Å"Robert? Leigh?† she called, her voice echoing around the chamber. â€Å"There's something missing over here.† Both men looked up and immediately began to cross the room toward her. â€Å"An orb?† Teabing called excitedly. His crutches clicked out a rapid staccato as he hurried across the room. â€Å"Are we missing an orb?† â€Å"Not exactly,† Sophie said, frowning at the tenth tomb. â€Å"We seem to be missing an entire knight.† Arriving beside her both men gazed down in confusion at the tenth tomb. Rather than a knight lying in the open air, this tomb was a sealed stone casket. The casket was trapezoidal, tapered at the feet, widening toward the top, with a peaked lid. â€Å"Why isn't this knight shown?† Langdon asked. â€Å"Fascinating,† Teabing said, stroking his chin. â€Å"I had forgotten about this oddity. It's been years since I was here.† â€Å"This coffin,† Sophie said,† looks like it was carved at the same time and by the same sculptor as the other nine tombs. So why is this knight in a casket rather than in the open?† Teabing shook his head. â€Å"One of this church's mysteries. To the best of my knowledge, nobody has ever found any explanation for it.† â€Å"Hello?† the altar boy said, arriving with a perturbed look on his face. â€Å"Forgive me if this seems rude, but you told me you wanted to spread ashes, and yet you seem to be sightseeing.† Teabing scowled at the boy and turned to Langdon. â€Å"Mr. Wren, apparently your family's philanthropy does not buy you the time it used to, so perhaps we should take out the ashes and get on with it.† Teabing turned to Sophie. â€Å"Mrs. Wren?† Sophie played along, pulling the vellum-wrapped cryptex from her pocket. â€Å"Now then,† Teabing snapped at the boy,† if you would give us some privacy?† The altar boy did not move. He was eyeing Langdon closely now. â€Å"You look familiar.† Teabing huffed. â€Å"Perhaps that is because Mr. Wren comes here every year!† Or perhaps, Sophie now feared, because he saw Langdon on television at the Vatican last year. â€Å"I have never met Mr. Wren,† the altar boy declared. â€Å"You're mistaken,† Langdon said politely. â€Å"I believe you and I met in passing last year. Father Knowles failed to formally introduce us, but I recognized your face as we came in. Now, I realize this is an intrusion, but if you could afford me a few more minutes, I have traveled a great distance to scatter ashes amongst these tombs.† Langdon spoke his lines with Teabing-esque believability. The altar boy's expression turned even more skeptical. â€Å"These are not tombs.† â€Å"I'm sorry?† Langdon said. â€Å"Of course they are tombs,† Teabing declared. â€Å"What are you talking about?† The altar boy shook his head. â€Å"Tombs contain bodies. These are effigies. Stone tributes to real men. There are no bodies beneath these figures.† â€Å"This is a crypt!† Teabing said. â€Å"Only in outdated history books. This was believed to be a crypt but was revealed as nothing of the sort during the 1950 renovation.† He turned back to Langdon. â€Å"And I imagine Mr. Wren would know that. Considering it was his family that uncovered that fact.† An uneasy silence fell. It was broken by the sound of a door slamming out in the annex. â€Å"That must be Father Knowles,† Teabing said. â€Å"Perhaps you should go see?† The altar boy looked doubtful but stalked back toward the annex, leaving Langdon, Sophie, and Teabing to eye one another gloomily. â€Å"Leigh,† Langdon whispered. â€Å"No bodies? What is he talking about?† Teabing looked distraught. â€Å"I don't know. I always thought†¦ certainly, this must be the place. I can't imagine he knows what he is talking about. It makes no sense!† â€Å"Can I see the poem again?† Langdon said. Sophie pulled the cryptex from her pocket and carefully handed it to him. Langdon unwrapped the vellum, holding the cryptex in his hand while he examined the poem. â€Å"Yes, the poem definitely references a tomb.Not an effigy.† â€Å"Could the poem be wrong?† Teabing asked. â€Å"Could Jacques Sauniere have made the same mistake I just did?† Langdon considered it and shook his head. â€Å"Leigh, you said it yourself. This church was built by Templars, the military arm of the Priory. Something tells me the Grand Master of the Priory would have a pretty good idea if there were knights buried here.† Teabing looked flabbergasted. â€Å"But this place is perfect.† He wheeled back toward the knights. â€Å"We must be missing something!† Entering the annex, the altar boy was surprised to find it deserted. â€Å"Father Knowles?† I know Iheard the door, he thought, moving forward until he could see the entryway. A thin man in a tuxedo stood near the doorway, scratching his head and looking lost. The altar boy gave an irritated huff, realizing he had forgotten to relock the door when he let the others in. Now some pathetic sod had wandered in off the street, looking for directions to some wedding from the looks of it. â€Å"I'm sorry,† he called out, passing a large pillar,† we're closed.† A flurry of cloth ruffled behind him, and before the altar boy could turn, his head snapped backward, a powerful hand clamping hard over his mouth from behind, muffling his scream. The hand over the boy's mouth was snow-white, and he smelled alcohol. The prim man in the tuxedo calmly produced a very small revolver, which he aimed directly at the boy's forehead. The altar boy felt his groin grow hot and realized he had wet himself. â€Å"Listen carefully,† the tuxedoed man whispered. â€Å"You will exit this church silently, and you will run. You will not stop. Is that clear?† The boy nodded as best he could with the hand over his mouth. â€Å"If you call the police†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The tuxedoed man pressed the gun to his skin. â€Å"I will find you.† The next thing the boy knew, he was sprinting across the outside courtyard with no plans of stopping until his legs gave out. CHAPTER 86 Like a ghost, Silas drifted silently behind his target. Sophie Neveu sensed him too late. Before she could turn, Silas pressed the gun barrel into her spine and wrapped a powerful arm across her chest, pulling her back against his hulking body. She yelled in surprise. Teabing and Langdon both turned now, their expressions astonished and fearful. â€Å"What†¦ ?† Teabing choked out. â€Å"What did you do to Remy!† â€Å"Your only concern,† Silas said calmly,† is that I leave here with the keystone.† This recovery mission, as Remy had described it, was to be clean and simple: Enter the church, take the keystone, and walk out; no killing, no struggle. Holding Sophie firm, Silas dropped his hand from her chest, down to her waist, slipping it inside her deep sweater pockets, searching. He could smell the soft fragrance of her hair through his own alcohol-laced breath. â€Å"Where is it?† he whispered. The keystone was in her sweater pocket earlier. So where is it now? â€Å"It's over here,† Langdon's deep voice resonated from across the room. Silas turned to see Langdon holding the black cryptex before him, waving it back and forth like a matador tempting a dumb animal. â€Å"Set it down,† Silas demanded. â€Å"Let Sophie and Leigh leave the church,† Langdon replied. â€Å"You and I can settle this.† Silas pushed Sophie away from him and aimed the gun at Langdon, moving toward him. â€Å"Not a step closer,† Langdon said. â€Å"Not until they leave the building.† â€Å"You are in no position to make demands.† â€Å"I disagree.† Langdon raised the cryptex high over his head. â€Å"I will not hesitate to smash this on the floor and break the vial inside.† Although Silas sneered outwardly at the threat, he felt a flash of fear. This was unexpected. He aimed the gun at Langdon's head and kept his voice as steady as his hand. â€Å"You would never break the keystone. You want to find the Grail as much as I do.† â€Å"You're wrong. You want it much more. You've proven you're willing to kill for it.† Forty feet away, peering out from the annex pews near the archway, Remy Legaludec felt a rising alarm. The maneuver had not gone as planned, and even from here, he could see Silas was uncertain how to handle the situation. At the Teacher's orders, Remy had forbidden Silas to fire his gun. â€Å"Let them go,† Langdon again demanded, holding the cryptex high over his head and staring into Silas's gun. The monk's red eyes filled with anger and frustration, and Remy tightened with fear that Silas might actually shoot Langdon while he was holding the cryptex. The cryptex cannot fall! The cryptex was to be Remy's ticket to freedom and wealth. A little over a year ago, he was simply a fifty-five-year-old manservant living within the walls of Chateau Villette, catering to the whims of the insufferable cripple Sir Leigh Teabing. Then he was approached with an extraordinary proposition. Remy's association with Sir Leigh Teabing – the preeminent Grail historian on earth – was going to bring Remy everything he had ever dreamed of in life. Since then, every moment he had spent inside Chateau Villette had been leading him to this very instant. I am so close, Remy told himself, gazing into the sanctuary of the Temple Church and the keystone in Robert Langdon's hand. If Langdon dropped it, all would be lost. Am I willing to show my face? It was something the Teacher had strictly forbidden. Remy was the only one who knew the Teacher's identity. â€Å"Are you certain you want Silas to carry out this task?† Remy had asked the Teacher less than half an hour ago, upon getting orders to steal the keystone. â€Å"I myself am capable.† The Teacher was resolute. â€Å"Silas served us well with the four Priory members. He will recover the keystone. You must remain anonymous. If others see you, they will need to be eliminated, and there has been enough killing already. Do not reveal your face.† My face will change, Remy thought. With what you've promised to pay me, I will become an entirely new man.Surgery could even change his fingerprints, the Teacher had told him. Soon he would be free – another unrecognizable, beautiful face soaking up the sun on the beach. â€Å"Understood,† Remy said. â€Å"I will assist Silas from the shadows.† â€Å"For your own knowledge, Remy,† the Teacher had told him,† the tomb in question is not in the Temple Church. So have no fear. They are looking in the wrong place.† Remy was stunned. â€Å"And you know where the tomb is?† â€Å"Of course. Later, I will tell you. For the moment, you must act quickly. If the others figure out the true location of the tomb and leave the church before you take the cryptex, we could lose the Grail forever.† Remy didn't give a damn about the Grail, except that the Teacher refused to pay him until it was found. Remy felt giddy every time he thought of the money he soon would have. One third oftwenty million euro.Plenty to disappear forever.Remy had pictured the beach towns on the Cà ´te d'Azur, where he planned to live out his days basking in the sun and letting others serve him for a change. Now, however, here in the Temple Church, with Langdon threatening to break the keystone, Remy's future was at risk. Unable to bear the thought of coming this close only to lose it all, Remy made the decision to take bold action. The gun in his hand was a concealable, small-caliber, J-frame Medusa, but it would be plenty deadly at close range. Stepping from the shadows, Remy marched into the circular chamber and aimed the gun directly at Teabing's head. â€Å"Old man, I've been waiting a long time to do this.† Sir Leigh Teabing's heart practically stalled to see Remy aiming a gun at him. What is he doing! Teabing recognized the tiny Medusa revolver as his own, the one he kept locked in the limousine glove box for safety. â€Å"Remy?† Teabing sputtered in shock. â€Å"What is going on?† Langdon and Sophie looked equally dumbstruck. Remy circled behind Teabing and rammed the pistol barrel into his back, high and on the left, directly behind his heart. Teabing felt his muscles seize with terror. â€Å"Remy, I don't – â€Å" â€Å"I'll make it simple,† Remy snapped, eyeing Langdon over Teabing's shoulder. â€Å"Set down the keystone, or I pull the trigger.† Langdon seemed momentarily paralyzed. â€Å"The keystone is worthless to you,† he stammered. â€Å"You cannot possibly open it.† â€Å"Arrogant fools,† Remy sneered. â€Å"Have you not noticed that I have been listening tonight as you discussed these poems? Everything I heard, I have shared with others. Others who know more than you. You are not even looking in the right place. The tomb you seek is in another location entirely!† Teabing felt panicked. What is he saying! â€Å"Why do you want the Grail?† Langdon demanded. â€Å"To destroy it? Before the End of Days?† Remy called to the monk. â€Å"Silas, take the keystone from Mr. Langdon.† As the monk advanced, Langdon stepped back, raising the keystone high, looking fully prepared to hurl it at the floor. â€Å"I would rather break it,† Langdon said, â€Å"than see it in the wrong hands.† Teabing now felt a wave of horror. He could see his life's work evaporating before his eyes. All his dreams about to be shattered. â€Å"Robert, no!† Teabing exclaimed. â€Å"Don't! That's the Grail you're holding! Remy would never shoot me. We've known each other for ten – â€Å" Remy aimed at the ceiling and fired the Medusa. The blast was enormous for such a small weapon, the gunshot echoing like thunder inside the stone chamber. Everyone froze.† I am not playing games,† Remy said. â€Å"The next one is in his back. Hand the keystone to Silas.† Langdon reluctantly held out the cryptex. Silas stepped forward and took it, his red eyes gleaming with the self-satisfaction of vengeance. Slipping the keystone in the pocket of his robe, Silas backed off, still holding Langdon and Sophie at gunpoint. Teabing felt Remy's arm clamp hard around his neck as the servant began backing out of the building, dragging Teabing with him, the gun still pressed in his back. â€Å"Let him go,† Langdon demanded. â€Å"We're taking Mr. Teabing for a drive,† Remy said, still backing up. â€Å"If you call the police, he will die. If you do anything to interfere, he will die. Is that clear?† â€Å"Take me,† Langdon demanded, his voice cracking with emotion. â€Å"Let Leigh go.† Remy laughed. â€Å"I don't think so. He and I have such a nice history. Besides, he still might prove useful.† Silas was backing up now, keeping Langdon and Sophie at gunpoint as Remy pulled Leigh toward the exit, his crutches dragging behind him. Sophie's voice was unwavering. â€Å"Who are you working for?† The question brought a smirk to the departing Remy's face. â€Å"You would be surprised, Mademoiselle Neveu.†

Role and Functions of Stock Exchange in India

A PRESENTATION REPORT ON ROLE AND FUNCTIONS OF STOCK EXCHANGE INTRODUCTION A  stock exchange  is a form of  exchange  which provides services for  stock brokers  and  traders  to trade  stocks,  bonds, and other  securities. Stock exchanges also provide facilities for issue and redemption of securities and other financial instruments, and capital events including the payment of income and  dividends. Securities traded on a stock exchange include  shares  issued by companies,  unit trusts,  derivatives, pooled investment products and  bonds.To be able to trade a security on a certain stock exchange, it must be listed there. Usually, there is a central location at least for record keeping, but trade is increasingly less linked to such a physical place, as modern markets are  electronic networks, which gives them advantages of increased speed and reduced cost of transactions. Trade on an exchange is by members only. The initial offering of stocks and bonds to  investors  is by definition done in the  primary market  and subsequent trading is done in the  secondary market.A stock exchange is often the most important component of a  stock market. Supply and demand in stock markets are driven by various factors that, as in all  free markets, affect the price of stocks (see  stock valuation). There is usually no compulsion to issue stock via the stock exchange itself, nor must stock be subsequently traded on the exchange. Such trading is said to be  off exchange  or  over-the-counter. This is the usual way that  derivatives  and  bonds  are traded. Increasingly, stock exchanges are part of a global market for securitiesSTOCK EXCHANGE DEFINITION According to Husband and Dockerary â€Å"Stock exchanges are privately organized markets which are used to facilitate trading in securities. * According to securities contract ( regulation ) act of 1956 â€Å"An association, organization or body of individuals, whether incorporated or not, established for the purpose of assisting, regulating and controlling business in buying, selling and dealing in securities. † Features of Stock Exchange 1. Market for securities  : Stock exchange is a market, where securities of corporate bodies, government and semi-government bodies are bought and sold. . Deals in second hand securities  : It deals with shares, debentures bonds and such securities already issued by the companies. In short it deals with existing or second hand securities and hence it is called secondary market. 3. Regulates trade in securities  : Stock exchange does not buy or sell any securities on its own account. It merely provides the necessary infrastructure and facilities for trade in securities to its members and brokers who trade in securities. It regulates the trade activities so as to ensure free and fair trade 4.Allows dealings only in listed securities  : In fact, stock exchanges maintain an official list of se curities that could be purchased and sold on its floor. Securities which do not figure in the official list of stock exchange are called unlisted securities. Such unlisted securities cannot be traded in the stock exchange. 5. Transactions effected only through members  : All the transactions in securities at the stock exchange are effected only through its authorised brokers and members. Outsiders or direct investors are not allowed to enter in the trading circles of the stock exchange.Investors have to buy or sell the securities at the stock exchange through the authorised brokers only. 6. Association of persons  : A stock exchange is an association of persons or body of individuals which may be registered or unregistered. 7. Recognition from Central Government  : Stock exchange is an organised market. It requires recognition from the Central Government. 8. Working as per rules  : Buying and selling transactions in securities at the stock exchange are governed by the rules and regulations of stock exchange as well as  SEBI Guidelines.No deviation from the rules and guidelines is allowed in any case. 9. Specific location  : Stock exchange is a particular market place where authorised brokers come together daily (i. e. on working days) on the floor of market called trading circles and conduct trading activities. The prices of different securities traded are shown on electronic boards. After the working hours market is closed. All the working of stock exchanges is conducted and controlled through computers and electronic system. 10. Financial Barometers  : Stock exchanges are the financial barometers and evelopment indicators of national economy of the country. Industrial growth and stability is reflected in the index of stock exchange. EXISTING STRUTURE OF STOCK EXCHANGE IN INDIA STOCK EXCHANGE OTHERS NSE BSE BOMBAY STOCK EXCHANGE The Bombay Stock Exchange is the oldest exchange in Asia. It traces its history to the 1850s, when four Gujarati and o ne Parsi stockbroker would gather under banyan trees in front of Mumbai's Town Hall. The location of these meetings changed many times, as the number of brokers constantly increased.The group eventually moved to Dalal Street in 1874 and in 1875 became an official organization known as ‘The Native Share & Stock Brokers Association'. In 1956, the BSE became the first stock exchange to be recognized by the  Indian Government  under the Securities Contracts Regulation Act. The Bombay Stock Exchange developed the  BSE SENSEX  in 1986, giving the BSE a means to measure overall performance of the exchange. In 2000 the BSE used this index to open its derivatives market, trading SENSEX futures contracts.The development of SENSEX options along with equity derivatives followed in 2001 and 2002, expanding the BSE's trading platform. Historically an open outcry floor trading exchange, the Bombay Stock Exchange switched to an electronic trading system in 1995. It took the exchan ge only fifty days to make this transition. This automated, screen-based trading platform called BSE On-line trading (BOLT) currently has a capacity of 8 million orders per day. The BSE has also introduced the world's first centralized exchange-based internet trading system, BSEWEBx. o. in to enable investors anywhere in the world to trade on the BSE platform. The BSE is currently housed in  Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers  at  Dalal Street,  Fort area. NATIONAL STOCK EXCHANGE The  National Stock Exchange  (NSE) is  stock exchange  located at  Mumbai,  India. It is in the top 20 largest stock exchanges  in the world by  market capitalization  and largest in India by daily turnover and number of trades, for both equities and derivative trading. NSE has a market capitalization of around  US$1  trillion  and over 1,652 listings as of July 2012.Though a number of other exchanges exist, NSE and the  Bombay Stock Exchange  are the two most significant stock e xchanges in India, and between them are responsible for the vast majority of share transactions. The NSE's key index is the  S&P CNX Nifty, known as the NSE  NIFTY  (National Stock Exchange Fifty), an index of fifty major stocks weighted by market capitalization. NSE is mutually owned by a set of leading financial institutions, banks, insurance companies and other financial intermediaries in India but its ownership and management operate as separate entities.There are at least 2 foreign investors  NYSE Euro next  and  Goldman Sachs  who have taken a stake in the NSE. As of 2006, the NSE  VSAT  terminals, 2799 in total, cover more than 1500 cities across India. In 2011, NSE was the third largest stock exchange in the world in terms of the number of contracts (1221 million) traded in equity derivatives. It is the second fastest growing  stock exchange  in the world with a recorded growth of 16. 6%. ROLE OF STOCK EXCHANGE * Effective Mobilisation Of Savings St ock exchanges provide organised market for an individual as well as institutional investors.They regulate the trading transactions with proper rules and regulations in order to ensure investor's protection. This helps to consolidate the confidence of investors and small savers. Thus, stock exchanges attract small savings especially of large number of investors in the capital market. * Promoting Capital formation The funds mobilised through capital market are provided to the industries engaged in the production of various goods and services useful for the society. This leads to capital formation and development of national assets. The savings mobilised are channelised into appropriate avenues of investment. Wider Avenues of investment Stock exchanges provide a wider avenue for the investment to the people and organisations with investible surplus. Companies from diverse industries like Information Technology, Steel, Chemicals, Fuels and Petroleum, Cement, Fertilizers, etc. offer vari ous kinds of equity and debt securities to the investors. Online trading facility has brought the stock exchange at the doorsteps of investors through computer network. Diverse type of securities is made available in the stock exchanges to suit the varying objectives and notions of different classes of investor.Necessary information from stock exchanges available from different sources guides the investors in the effective management of their investment portfolios. * Liquidity of investment Stock exchanges provide liquidity of investment to the investors. Investors can sell out any of their investments in securities at any time during trading days and trading hours on stock exchanges. Thus, stock exchanges provide liquidity of investment. The on-line trading and online settlement of demat securities facilitates the investors to sellout their investments and realise the proceeds within a day or two.Even investors can switch over their investment from one security to another according to the changing scenario of capital market. * Investment priorities Stock exchanges facilitate the investors to decide his investment priorities by providing him the basket of different kinds of securities of different industries and companies. He can sell stock of one company and buy a stock of another company through stock exchange whenever he wants. He can manage his investment portfolio to maximise his wealth. * Investment safetyStock exchanges through their by-laws, Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) guidelines, transparent procedures try to provide safety to the investment in industrial securities. Government has established the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and Over The Counter Exchange of India (OTCEI) for investors' safety. Exchange authorities try to curb speculative practices and minimise the risk for common investor to preserve his confidence. * Financial resources for public and private sectors Stock Exchanges make available the financial resources available to the industries in public and private sector through various kinds of securities.Due to the assurance of liquidity, marketing support, investment safety assured through stock exchanges, the public issues of securities by these industries receive strong public response (resulting in oversubscription of issue). * Funds for Development Purpose Stock exchanges enable the government to mobilise the funds for public utilities and public undertakings which take up the developmental activities like power projects, shipping, railways, telecommunication, dams & roads constructions, etc.Stock exchanges provide liquidity, marketability, price continuity and constant evaluation of government securities. * Indicator of Industrial Development Stock exchanges are the symbolic indicators of industrial development of a nation. Productivity, efficiency, economic-status, prospects of each industry and every unit in an industry is reflected through the price fluctuation of industrial securities o n stock exchanges. Stock exchange sensex and price fluctuations of securities of various companies tell the entire story of changes in industrial sector. Barometer of National Economy Stock exchange is taken as a Barometer of the economy of a country. Each economy is economically symbolized (indicators) by its most significant stock exchange. New York Stock Exchange, London Stock Exchange, Tokyo Stock Exchange and Bombay Stock Exchange are considered as barometers of U. S. A, United Kingdom, Japan and India respectively. At both national and international level these stock exchanges represent the progress and conditions of their economies. Functions FUNCTIONS OF STOCKEXCHANGE * Continuous and ready market for securitiesStock exchange provides a ready and continuous market for purchase and sale of securities. It provides ready outlet for buying and selling of securities. Stock exchange also acts as an outlet/counter for the sale of listed securities . * Facilitates evaluation of secu rities Stock exchange is useful for the evaluation of industrial securities. This enables investors to know the true worth of their holdings at any time. Comparison of companies in the same industry is possible through stock exchange quotations (i. e price list). * Encourages capital formationStock exchange accelerates the process of capital formation. It creates the habit of saving, investing and risk taking among the investing class and converts their savings into profitable investment. It acts as an instrument of capital formation. In addition, it also acts as a channel for right (safe and profitable) investment. * Provides safety and security in dealings Stock exchange provides safety, security and equity (justice) in dealings as transactions are conducted as per well defined rules and regulations. The managing body of the exchange keeps control on the members.Fraudulent practices are also checked effectively. Due to various rules and regulations, stock exchange functions as the custodian of funds of genuine investors. * Regulates company management Listed companies have to comply with rules and regulations of concerned stock exchange and work under the vigilance (i. e supervision) of stock exchange authorities. * Facilitates public borrowing Stock exchange serves as a platform for marketing Government securities. It enables government to raise public debt easily and quickly. * Provides clearing house facilityStock exchange provides a clearing house facility to members. It settles the transactions among the members quickly and with ease. The members have to pay or receive only the net dues (balance amounts) because of the clearing house facility. * Facilitates healthy speculation Healthy speculation, keeps the exchange active. Normal speculation is not dangerous but provides more business to the exchange. However, excessive speculation is undesirable as it is dangerous to investors & the growth of corporate sector. * Serves as Economic BarometerStock e xchange indicates the state of health of companies and the national economy. It acts as a barometer of the economic situation / conditions. * Facilitates Bank Lending Banks easily know the prices of quoted securities. They offer loans to customers against corporate securities. This gives convenience to the owners of securities. List of Stock Exchanges In India  » Bombay Stock Exchange  » National Stock Exchange Regional Stock Exchanges  » Ahmedabad  » Bangalore  » Bhubaneshwar  » Calcutta  » Cochin  » Coimbatore  » Delhi  » Guwahati  » Hyderabad  » Jaipur  » Ludhiana  » Madhya Pradesh Madras  » Magadh  » Mangalore  » Meerut  » OTC Exchange Of India  » Pune  » Saurashtra  » Kutch  » UttarPradesh  »Vadodara CONCLUSION Stock exchange is indispensible for the smooth and orderly functioning of corporate sector in a free market economy. A stock exchange need not be treated as a place for speculation or a gambling den. It should act as a place for safe and profitable investable. , for this effective control on the working of stock exchange is necessary. This will avoid misuse of this platform for excessive speculation, scams and other undesirable and anti social activities.Thus, stock exchange serves the nation in several ways through its diversified economic services which include imparting liquidity to investments, providing marketability, enabling evaluation and ensuring price continuity of securities. Thus we can say that Stock exchange is the mirror of economy REFERENCES * Financial Management – I. M Pandey * Financial Management – Prasanna Chandra * Business studies – B. S Raman * Business studies – P. K Lasar * http://moneycontrol. com * http://investopedia. com * http://wikipedia. com * http://kalyan-city. blogspot. in

Valentines Day Activities and Craft Ideas for College Students

Valentines Day Activities and Craft Ideas for College Students Love is in the air Valentines day is coming, and you have no idea how to make this day special for you and your significant other? Or even worse: you have a very limited budget for celebration. Dont worry, we have your back. Weve gathered the best ideas for inexpensive activities and also for DIY gifts that say â€Å"I Love You.† Spending Valentines Day with the One You Love If you want to spend Valentine’s day with your beloved one, take a look at some Valentine’s day ideas of activities that will suit this romantic holiday. Besides, these activities won’t cost you much, so they are perfect for college students on a budget who want to arrange a little holiday just for two. Cooking dinner together Cooking dinner together is a perfect way to build trust and intimacy. Pasta, lasagna or a sweet dessert will work the best. Make sure you shop for all ingredients beforehand to avoid crazy crowds in a market. And don’t forget about scented candles for this romantic evening. Picnic Picnics are so romantic! Do you think that you can’t set up a picnic because of the snowy weather outside? Then make a picnic on the floor in your room. A few blankets, cozy pillows and tasty dinner with wine and good music will make this evening magic and sweet. Source: Instagram Movie evening A great way to celebrate Valentine’s day is to watch a movie or even a few of them. You can take your girlfriend or boyfriend to a movie theater or watch films on Netflix. Take a look at our list of the best movies for Valentine’s day: Dirty Dancing (1987) Pretty Woman (1990) Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994) Love, Actually (2003) Easy A (2010) And don’t forget to buy some popcorn! Source: Depositphotos Cozy boardgame evening Another staying-at-home activity will be an excellent option for those who don’t want to spend too much money or go out. Just make sure you choose a game for two players: Sherlock Holmes Consulting Detective Hive 7 Wonders Duel Crusaders: Thy Will be Done A little competition won’t hurt. Special places Do you and your partner have a â€Å"special place?† It’s the perfect time to visit it. Was it a park you met in or even a train station you had your first kiss at? Go and remind yourself of these precious moments. Source: Cunningham Farms Art classes Pottery and painting classes are excellent therapy and relaxation. Moreover, holding hands together while making pottery on a wheel is the sweetest thing ever! Party Okay, a party doesn’t really seem like a romantic activity, but it’s a great way to spend this day with your girlfriend or boyfriend and other couples in a friendly and funny atmosphere. Themed parties can be organized for any holiday. So, if you’re a party person, host a great party for all of your friends. DIY and Crafting Ideas We love DIYs! And do you? No matter what the occasion is, crafting activities are always entertaining and relaxing. You can prepare gifts yourself or make it an excellent activity for the two of you. We have a whole bunch of cute valentines day ideas for him and her. Cards Source: Pinterest Source: LiaGriffith Valentine’s day cards are pretty pricey when you shop for them in pre-holiday time. But you can make them yourself without spending even an hour of your time. You will need some paper or paperboard, printed designs, markers, and glue. A punch A tasty punch will be an excellent choice for a holiday party or a cozy evening for you and your sweetheart. To make your own punch, you will need some juice, soda, fruits, ice cubes, and a big bowl. Source: Look What I Made Source: Pinterest A surprise box Do you have a gift but don’t know how to present it to your beloved one? A surprise box is a perfect way to make even the simplest gift look like a whole festive ceremony. You will need a big box, balloons, helium, confetti, wrapping paper, and glitter. Put glitter into the balloons and fill them with helium. Decorate your box with wrapping paper, put your gift, confetti, and balloons inside the box, and tape it on the top. Ask your girlfriend or boyfriend to open the box, to make balloons float and find a present on the bottom of the box among confetti. Source: Pinterest Homemade candies Candies are the first thing that comes to mind when speaking about the romantic holiday. If you want to surprise your boyfriend or girlfriend, you can make candies yourself. Use bananas, marshmallows, strawberries, and nuts to dip them in melted chocolate. Let them cool in a fridge, and here you have a tasty dessert for your beloved one. Source: KraftRecipes Source: Cool Mom Eats DIY candles Source: Wonderful DIY Melt some wax or candles you have at home, pour it into ice cube forms of heart shapes covered with a thin layer of oil and place a wick in the center. After the wax is hard, you can take your candles and lit them up. Fun and easy! Or follow easy steps from DIY video tutorials. Hope you liked our ideas of Valentine’s crafts for adults and students. Don’t worry if you have to spend Valentine’s day alone, we have some ideas for a perfect day of fun for singles.

How to Make a Pitfall Trap to Catch Crawling Insects

How to Make a Pitfall Trap to Catch Crawling Insects A pitfall trap is an essential tool for catching and studying ground-dwelling insects, particularly springtails and ground beetles. Its easy. You can build and set up a simple pitfall trap in less than half an hour, about 15-20 minutes, using recycled materials. What You Need: coffee can with a plastic lidfour rocks or objects of equal sizea board or piece of slight large wider than the coffee cana trowel Heres How: Assemble your materials – a trowel, a clean coffee can with a plastic lid, four rocks or similar objects of equal size, and a board or piece of slate 4-6 inches wider than the coffee can.Dig a hole the size of the coffee can. The depth of the hole should be the height of the coffee can, and the can should fit snugly without gaps around the outside.Place the coffee can in the hole so the top is flush with the surface of the soil. If it doesn’t fit correctly, you will need to remove or add soil to the hole until it does.Put the four rocks or other objects on the soil surface an inch or two from the edge of the coffee can. The rocks should be spaced apart from each other to make â€Å"legs† for the board that will cover the pitfall trap.Put the board or piece of slate on top of the four rocks to protect the pitfall trap from rain and debris. It will also create a cool, shady area that will attract ground insects seeking moisture and shade. Tips: Close the coffee can with the plastic lid when you cannot attend to your pitfall trap, or if heavy rain is expected.Make sure to check the trap at least once every 24 hours, and remove any insects you have caught. Keep them for study or release them.If you want specimens for a collection and don’t need the insects to be alive, pour one inch of water in the pitfall trap and add 1-2 drops of dish soap.

Breast Cancer : A Common Cancer

Breast Cancer Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women in the world. Even though each patient’s condition is different, breast cancer with the same stage tend to have outlooks that are similar to each other, and they are often treated the same way (1). Like other cancers, breast cancer is ordered by stages according to the size of the tumor and how far the cancer has spread. Pathology reports will incorporate information about the stage of the breast cancer. That is, whether it†¦ 7, 2014 Breast cancer in women Breast cancer in women For the purpose of this assignment, I chose breast cancer as it is very common and second leading cause of death among cancers in United States, after heart disease. However, due to the improvement in drugs, technology, early detection and better understanding on the disease, the rates are declining as compare to the past. Some of the common risk factors that can results in breast cancer are women’s age, history of breast cancer, presence†¦ Cancer has been around for a longtime, but breast cancer has become more prevalent in the past ten years, and the second leading cause of death in women. Although breast cancer is a more common factor for women, men can also have breast cancer. However, the survival rate of men is less than that of women with breast cancer. There are different types of breast cancer, however; Ductal Carcinoma Cancer is the most common type of noninvasive breast cancer women experience. The American Cancer Society†¦ Breast cancer is the 2nd most common, occurring cancer in women. By exploring the pathophysiology of breast cancer, one will understand the causes and be able to educate women on how to reduce the risk associated with breast cancer. Concept, System, Anatomy, and Physiology Breast cancer falls under the concept of cellular regulation. The main body system that is affected by breast cancer is the reproductive system. Breast cancer is defined as the unregulated growth of abnormal cells in the breast†¦ Problem With breast cancer awareness month recently passing, breast cancer is getting more attention than it ever was every year. Breast cancer is so prevalent that it is the most common type of cancer among women other than skin cancer. A disease of this caliber has proven to deserve the awareness it is spreading. Breast cancer is developed from harmful tumor cells that occur in the breast. Normally, cells are multiplied appropriately to differentiation, cell division, and growth†¦ Every minutes a woman dies of breast cancer. Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women. Every year, invasive breast cancer is diagnosed in many women alone. Doctors have not been able to find the cure yet. But thanks to nonprofit charities, such as the Susan G. Komen, researchers are receiving enough money that is donated to breast cancer to look deeper and try to find ways to cure and to help prevent such a fatal disease. Early detection of breast cancer helps prevent fatalities among†¦ IORT II. Problem: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer for women. It is when there is a lump in the breast that contains cancer cells. Some lumps do not contain cancer cells though. The doctor will have to diagnose someone with breast cancer. Breast cancer is one of the top ten leading causes of death in females. Even males can get breast cancer. At least 200,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer each year. In 2011 40,000 women died of breast cancer. Breast cancer is genetic. That†¦ Cancer occurs as a result of mutations in the genes responsible for regulating the growth of cells and keeping them healthy. Normally, the cells in our bodies replace themselves , healthy new cells take over as old ones die out but, over time, mutations can â€Å"turn on† certain genes and â€Å"turn off† others in a cells. That changed cell gains the ability to keep dividing without control or order, producing more cells like it and forming a tumor. Breast cancer refers to a malignant tumor that has†¦ women with breast cancer since 1895 (x-ray) 1956 (ultrasound) 1977 (MRI), and 1992 (mammogram). They have all been very beneficial to women. Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women. About one of three cancers are diagnosed. Cancer is a group of diseases that cause cells in the body to change and grow out of control. Most cancers will form a lump or mass in the breast, which is called a tumor. It is named after a part of the body where the tumor originates. Breast cancer begins in†¦ Abstract Breast cancer remains the most common type of cancer diagnosed in women in the United States. It is the second most common cancer death with lung cancer being the first. African American women have a higher incidence of dying from the disease than any other race or ethnical group. For many years, it was thought that this was due to African American women not having access to the same health benefits as those of other races and that it was often found at a more advanced state. Though there†¦

Ethics of Neuro-Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethics of Neuro-Marketing - Essay Example Due to the historical challenges the advertising industry has experienced in trying to prove the return on adverting spending, neuro-marketing has been given somewhat fast adoption in the previous five years (Micu &Plummer, 1). Despite the fact that the prospect of enhanced advertising has created excitement within the business community in general, serious ethical matters have been raised as well by scientists, scholars, and consumer groups (Murphy, Illes, & Reiner, 1). However, the industry pays no attention to these concerns (Christophe, 1). The State of Advertising Ethics Ethical advertising could be described as the production and broadcasting of commercial messages which promote goods or services without lying to the public (Bishop, 2). Shockingly, both the advertising and the marketing industries have a not so good reputation concerning the application of ethical standards. A survey carried out by Gallup in 2011 positioned the advertising occupation at the bottom of the honest y scale with no more than eleven percent partakers ranking advertising practitioners with high or very high scores, placing them just four points above lobbyists and car salespeople (Christophe, 2). The Federal Trade Commission (FTC), formed during 1914, is in charge of keeping consumers protected from advertisers who are unethical or unscrupulous. In the long run, the Federal Trade Commission has identified universal conditions upon which a message is considered to breach the standard of â€Å"truth-in-advertising† (FTC, 2011).