Virginia Apgar Biography, Creator of Key Newborn Test

Virginia Apgar Biography, Creator of Key Newborn Test Virginia Agpar  (1909-1974) was a physician, educator, and medical researcher who developed the Apgar Newborn Scoring System, which increased infant survival rates. She famously warned that use of some anesthetics during childbirth negatively affected infants and was a pioneer in anesthesiology, helping to raise the respect for the discipline. As an educator at the March of Dimes, she helped refocus the organization from polio to birth defects. Early Life and Education Virginia Apgar was born in Westfield, New Jersey. Coming from a family of amateur musicians, Apgar played violin and other instruments, and became a skilled musician, performing with the Teaneck Symphony. In 1929, Virginia Apgar graduated from Mount Holyoke College, where she studied zoology and a premed curriculum. During her college years, she supported herself by working as a librarian and waitress. She also played in the orchestra, earned an athletic letter, and wrote for the school paper. In 1933, Virginia Apgar graduated fourth in her class from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and became the fifth woman to hold a surgical internship at Columbia Presbyterian Hospital, New York. In 1935, at the end of the internship, she realized that there were few opportunities for a female surgeon. In the middle of the Great Depression, few male surgeons were finding positions and bias against female surgeons was high. Career Apgar transferred to the relatively new medical field of anesthesiology, and spent 1935-37 as a resident in anesthesiology at Columbia University, the University of Wisconsin, and Bellevue Hospital, New York. In 1937, Virginia Apgar became the 50th physician in the US certified in anesthesiology. In 1938, Apgar was appointed Director of the Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center - the first woman to head a department at that institution. From 1949-1959, Virginia Apgar served as professor of anesthesiology at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. In that position she was also the first female full professor at that University and the first full professor of anesthesiology at any institution. The Agpar Score System In 1949, Virginia Apgar developed the Apgar Score System (presented in 1952 and published in 1953), a simple five-category observation-based assessment of newborn health in the delivery room, which became widely used in the United States and elsewhere. Before the  use of this system, delivery room attention was largely focused on the mothers condition, not the infants, unless the infant was in obvious distress. The Apgar Score looks at five categories, using Apgars name as a mnemonic: Appearance (skin color)Pulse (heart rate)Grimace (reflex irritability)Activity (muscle tone)Respiration (breathing) While researching the systems effectiveness, Apgar noted that cyclopropane as an anesthetic for the mother had a negative effect on the infant, and as a result, its use in labor was discontinued. In 1959, Apgar left Columbia for Johns Hopkins, where she earned a doctorate in public health, and decided to change her career. From 1959-67, Apgar served as head of division of congenital malformations National Foundation - the March of Dimes organization - , which she helped refocus from polio to birth defects. From 1969-72, she was the director of basic research for the National Foundation, a job that included lecturing for public education. From 1965-71, Apgar served on the board of trustees at  Mount Holyoke College. She also served during those years as a lecturer at Cornell University, the first such medical professor in the United States to specialize in birth defects. Personal Life and Legacy In 1972, Virginia Apgar published Is My Baby All Right?, co-written with Joan Beck, which became a popular parenting book. In 1973, Apgar lectured at Johns Hopkins University, and from 1973-74, she was the senior vice president for medical affairs, National Foundation. In 1974, Virginia Apgar died in New York City. She never married, saying I havent found a man who can cook. Apgars hobbies included music (violin, viola, and cello), making musical instruments, flying (after age 50), fishing, photography, gardening, and golf. Awards and Accolades Four honorary degrees (1964-1967)Ralph Walders Medal, American Society of AnesthesiologistsGold Medal of Columbia UniversityWoman of the Year, 1973, Ladies Home JournalAmerican Academy of Pediatrics prize named after  herMount Holyoke College created an academic chair in her name

The Role of Marketing Branding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Role of Marketing Branding - Essay Example From the case study Fairy’s brand, some of the aspects of the importance of branding can be seen despite the competitive forces in the picture. One of the biggest importance of branding is gaining market share and creating an advantage over the competition. According to Kotler and Armstrong (2008), market branding a product makes sure that the customer knows that the product exists and will always associate it with a particular need. This means that the product will have an edge over competition every time a customer seeks to feel a need relating to the particular product. The branding done by a company on a product will always try to convince the customer that only the product can provide the service required. From the case study, this can be seen where Fairy enjoys market share over competitors. The other importance of branding of a product is to motivate customer loyalty even with the presence of competitors and the advent of new products. With initial customer share, a bus iness can promote customer loyalty by the provision of products that change with time and customer needs, which ensures that the company is not stuck in a bubble. With Fairy products, the company evolved its products with time, ensuring that customer’s remain loyal (Palmer, 2009). ... From the above discussion, it is also evident that effective branding increases the credibility of the business to the final consumer, which ensures that its products gain an advantage in the market. Branding is one of the most important tools that a business can utilize to ensure that the customers understand its position in the market and take a market share over competitors. Even with the advent of technology, market branding helps an existing product evolve to join the new markets available, as in the case of Fairy products which evolved into the dishwasher business. Utilizing Market Orientation Kotler and Armstrong (2008) describe market orientation as a business technique where the company research a customer’s needs and produce a product that is suitable for the customer. This means that market orientation is a customer-focused strategy in the market, where the company focuses on reading customer behavior and producing products suited to fit these needs. One of the basi c market orientation techniques is conforming to customer preferences in production while at the same time producing quality products. From the case study, it is evident that Proctor and Gamble have a market-oriented approach to producing and marketing their products. The best example of this is where Proctor and Gamble realize that customers are tired of stocking up with different variants of low-value products, so they introduce a new variant with a slightly different brand. One of the key ways of developing a market-oriented product is by first understanding that the customer is the key driving force behind every product (Palmer, 2009).  

Knowledge management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Knowledge management - Research Paper Example This will include the definition of knowledge management, and the reason for this concept receiving so much importance. Also, since it a term which is open to interpretation, the definition will state the interpretation of a few authors as well. After this, the paper will narrow the concept down to the usefulness of knowledge management in the corporate world. It will take a hypothetical situation in which a company is experiencing several threats and difficulties in operating, due to both internal and external factors, which any ordinary business would experience in the face of a competitive industry. These difficulties will be pertaining to several areas, such as those from the macro (external) environment, like legal, political, technological, and social issues. Furthermore, the paper will elaborate on the competitive (internal) environment of the industry, which refers to directly related parties to the company, such as customers, supplies, new entrants, and competing firms withi n the industry. The paper will discuss problems, which this hypothetical company may face in the competitive environment. Finally, the paper will delve into a discussion of how and why a company can implement the use of knowledge management to such problems, for a successful and feasible solution. How would business community benefit from knowledge management? Often, the question that arises when such new techniques is that how would the technique bring about positive change? What factors will it help influence, and whether the effect is multifold? This paper states the answer of this question in detail. It elaborates later on, on the advantages that are stated below, explaining the benefit of implementing knowledge management to the business community. Currently, a majority of firms are under pressure due to the various market forces working against them, creating competition, problems, and challenges. Quite a few experts agree that knowledge management is an advantageous solution to some of these problems, in the following summarized ways. The first way in which knowledge management can help a company is by aiding in reducing the operational costs. This is it teaches the management things which they have not yet learned through their own work experience, including how to make the workplace operate with maximum efficiency. Secondly, this collaboration in between people with different experiences, coming from different departments, improves the quality of work. Thirdly, it can help greatly decrease the employee turnover rates of companies, which can often get out of hand and cause major expenditure for the company. This is because knowledge management helps the employee with their growth as employees and in their careers. Moreover, with knowledge management, the departure of key personnel from a department would not lead to a slowdown, because the remaining employees would be educated about how to react. Fifthly, this increased expertise would lead to a major increase in sales and customer satisfaction rates. Finally, knowledge management can serve the company as its competitive advantage in the industry. Research Findings The industrial revolution brought a large change to this world. Before it, everything was simple, uncomplicated. However, since after it, leading up to this very day, the following technological revolutions have no doubt, left each person with a handful to remember. Whether it is about management, human

Overview and Analysis of the PAPA Model

Overview and Analysis of the PAPA Model PAPA Model: Today, the massive use of computer science information technology in the business world and other intuitions has brought many ethical issues and concern. Mason introduced four most crucial ethical issues of the information era on 1986: which are Privacy, accuracy, property and accessibility abbreviated to PAPA. Mason’s PAPA model focused on the individual impairment which could arise from the unethical or misuse of information and information technology. Based on the Framework developed by Mason we can analyse and reach the conclusion on ethical issues emerged by the unethical use of information technology. PAPA model enlightens depth knowledge on what the Privacy, accuracy, property and accuracy means, how they are interrelated, what are their differences and how they help us to reach the conclusion on ethical issues. Privacy: In general understanding, privacy means the right to be free from secret scrutiny and to determine whether, when, how and to whom, one’s personal or organisational information is to be revealed. The privacy Act 1988 regulates how personal information is handled. The Privacy Act defines personal information as †¦information or an opinion, whether true or not, and whether recorded in a material form or not, about an identified individual, or an individual who us reasonably identifiable. There are two main factors which threaten our privacy today, firstly growth of information technology with its capacity of scrutiny, communication, computing, retrieval and storage, and secondly the increased value of information in decision making. Accuracy: It is the condition or quality of being true, correct or exact; free from error or defect. Inaccuracy may cause detracting situation on person’s life, organisations and business values. Here arises some question: who should be responsible for accuracy and authenticity of collected information? How can one believe that the data will be correctly inputted, processed properly and presented to users? On what basis should we believe bugs in database or system and processing are not done with intention and occurred accidently. Who takes the responsibility for glitch in information and how the victim will be reimbursed. Property: Property issues are concentrated on ownership and value of information. It also seeks the answer of few questions like, who is the owner of the information. What is the value of the exchange, and in which way the access to information or the recourses should be allocated? Here property means the intellectual property and its right. Once the intellectual property is provided somewhere or transmitted, it is complicated to keep the person as it becomes communicable and more difficult to be reimbursed. Accessibility: its issues are concerned on who has the permission to access the information, who holds the rights or keys to access it, what data an individual or organisations are privileged to acquire with which safeguards and under what terms and conditions? After going through the scenario provided and from my own research I consider, all four areas have given rise to ethical issues for Joseph where some have higher level of the issue whereas other has a low level effect. Most importantly it gives rise to privacy issues followed by others. Privacy issues: Joseph’s personal or we can say the very confidential information was compromised which could lead to very disastrous consequences, identity theft makes life miserable. If Joseph had given attention on lecture’s warning to them to be careful and vigilant while providing personal information to companies over the internet, he might be on safe side but rather he thought him old-fashioned and never thought some issues may arise while providing information to a company like Sony. How can one decide on whom to trust? How much information can one give to others? Accuracy Issues: Being the customer of Sony Joseph had right to get accurate and timely information, to whom he had provided his personal information to credit card details with trust. Accurate information of personal information and credit card details being hacked was provided only after a whole week of the incident following by other misleading and fake information. Though, the hackers couldn’t do any misuse of data they might have destroyed everything in a week time customers could take precaution to Property Issues: When Joseph could not restore the backup file it gives rise to property issues. He bought games from Sony he collected trophies but did he really own that? Did Sony own the data that customers provided? Sony’s data breach is one of the biggest data breach to date which has given rise to various concerns in the Sony’s privacy policy and security measures. Though, other issues also marked a question to Sony’s management especially it has fueled to Privacy concern. When an organisation gathers personal information of its customers, employees and other stakeholders they must assure the safety and security of those. Breach of personal information can be proved very dangerous and it has been proved in many cases, for example, Jessica’s Story of the mail scam. The main issue and the question arise to Sony is where they really serious on Privacy issues, had they meet all the privacy measures and followed the protocol. If they had done so how someone could hack and enter into their system. Breach of over 77million accounts including all the personal details and credit card of the customer was not a small issue. This issue gave a big question mark to Sony. The mana gement took a whole week to inform its customer of the actual reason for shutdown of its network, which is questionable. If a breach does occur, effective handling of the response is a key. This means planning and preparing for such an event in advance. A policy should be drawn up, under which it is suggested that prompt notification is made to both the customers and the regulators. All staff should have data protection training appropriate to their role, and appropriate compensation, support and remedial plans should be prepared. Though it was Sony violated the privacy of its customer Appropriate technical and organisational measures shall be taken against unauthorised or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of, or damage to, personal data. I find some statements made by Privacy commissioner Timothy Pilgrim questionable. He stated that Sony did have a case to answer as they did not intentionally disclose any confidential information is not surprising, simply put Australia has no real commercial Privacy or security legislation for Sony to breach. The fact that Sony did not show a duty of care and/or displayed a complete lack regard for the personal information entrusted to them by their clients is completely ignored by the commissioner. Sonys duty of care is to maintain appropriate IT security systems, policies and procedures to maintain client data confidential, private and available whether at rest, in transit or in a process. It is obvious that they did not take these duties of care obligations seriously until that proverbial substance hit the fan. Statement by Pilgrim â€Å"Sony has now extra security measures to strengthen protection around the network platforms† highlights its historical disregard for client confidentiality in their corporate culture and I do not think that any Australian Government officials should comment and try to forgive such obvious laissez-faire behaviour. Can he answer us, what reasonable steps Sony took to protect individual’s credentials? Now, they actually created a CSO role. They didnt have this before? What fines were handed down for this breach? How can he show that legislation protects individual’s information to overseas organisations? I opened this investigation because I was concerned that Australians personal information may have been compromised, Pilgrim said. However, his concerns were unfounded, with Pilgrim finding that the company hadnt breached the Act. Seriously, just why does Sony Corporation require our full date of birth? Year only should be adequate to verify a customer is over 18 probe further only if the year reveals someone turning 18 that year. As such, Sony should be 100% liable for any loss plus damages for emotional distress to any customer, their spouse and immediate family, in respect of any customer who has their identity was stolen and fraud committed. And also it has to be made clear that whether it identified a culprit in the intrusion. Guilty must be punished.

My Christmas and New Years Vacation Essay

On my new years and Christmas vacation started off bad but towards the end it became good. I had a lot of fun spending time with my family to be honest. We ate to much like Golden Coral , Cookies and milk , and The Christmas dinner. On Christmas Eve night we had the cookies and milk once you but the cookies in your mouth they were so moist soon as they touch the tip of your tongue. On Christmas we went to golden corral and it seem like they add more food in the buffet to be honest. For some reason it was many types of smells. When we went to the mall, and soon as I walked in the mall aroma of the mall smelled like Topsy. On new years it seem like it was like a ghost of fireworks walking up and down through the streets. In the house there was a smell of a vanilla candle that really smelled. Out of all of the incredible smells that I had taken in there was a bad smell awaiting for me and that was the smell of chitlins, wooo that smell is nothing nice. Thankful my mama knows has to keep that awful smell down. When the day seems long I would lie in my comfortable bed. I was able to go over to one of my cousin’s house which was a cool thing to get away from the house. I would just lie there and pet on the dog’s soft furrier coat. Once that was over back to the home front it was good to see my little brother. I gave him a hug and a rub on his curly soft hair. While on break the sight of the snow was amazing. Just watching it comes down and hitting the ground was a pretty sight. Then to watch some of the kids out playing making snowmen was a great sight also. What wasn’t a great sight was seeing the news and watching how people were wrecking their cars. After, seeing all that pretty snow the sight is not a good look now it’s dirty looking Listening to the good music and hearing laughter filled my whole vacation. Watching my family sit down talking and playing cards was great. It was nice seeing everyone getting along was good laughter to my heart. Just having family together over my break bring all the laughter this world can give. .

The Current Demand For Energy - 1238 Words

1. Introduction Europe experienced two energy crises during the 1970s, which led to escalating demand for energy resources (specifically, oil) that could not be adequately supplied (Bonny, 1987; Donatos Mergos, 1989). This led to a decrease in economic activity that reflected as a decrease in the demand for energy in the form of oil. Alternative energy sources needed to be considered in order to maintain the economic activities of society without further depleting the natural resources. Besides these crises in the 1970s, Greece had shown a remarkable ability to adapt to energy crises experienced in the 5th Century BC (Donatos Mergos, 1989; Botkin Keller, 2012). The current demand for energy is akin to the â€Å"perception of crisis that†¦show more content†¦This essay will highlight some of the issues related to the energy crises and discuss potential solutions that form part of an integrated energy management system. The purpose of the integrated management system would be to ensure that there is a combination of technologies that is customised to the receiving environment, which will ensure that there is â€Å"sustainable energy development† (Botkin Keller, 2012). This research essay will be based on the energy crisis. Open Educational Resources (OER) will be used together with journal cited references. The OER references provides students and teachers with a platform for unrestricted sharing of educational knowledge (Glennie et al., 2013). 2. Potential Solutions to Energy Crisis Sustainable energy development must be developed on a local level using technologies that have little impact on its receiving environment in the immediate future and for future generations (Botkin Keller, 2012). The ultimate aim would be a change in lifestyle to ensure that energy sources on a local level are independent from the current infrastructure setup (Evenson, Zarske Carlson, 2005). The energy use on a local level can be used as a gauge for national policy to steer countries in the direction of sustainable energy development (Ziramba, 2008). 2.1 Renewable Energy Technologies Energy from the sun may be utilised in various methods, as shown in Table 1. Solar thermal technologies (including the solar water heater) has seen an increase

Reading Is A Process Of Translating Visual Codes Into...

Reading is one of the basic components of literacy. â€Å"Reading is a process of translating visual codes into meaningful language† (Whitehurst Lonigan, 1998, p. 849). Children with emerging literacy are at the early stages of reading which mostly involves decoding letters into their corresponding sounds and then linking those sounds to single words. A study was conducted that found that 5% of a child’s daily speech was entirely produced during joint book reading (as cited in Whitehurst Lonigan, 1998 p. 855). Reading is made up of the following components: contextual, semantic, language, sound, and print units. Several studies have shown the significance that the frequency of shared book reading has on children’s emergent literacy skills (Lancy Bergin, 1992; Petrill, Logan, Sawyer, Justice, 2014; Sawyer, et al., 2014; Senechal, Lefevre, Thomas , Daley, 1996; Sà ©nà ©chal LeFevre, 2002; Whitehurst Lonigan, 1998). In a study focused on the frequency and range of purpose of reading the researchers discovered that reading sometimes solely depended on the child’s reading fluency. It continued to say that the child’s reading was most fluent with a parent around and became more fluent with more practice. The child was more likely to read more times when the parent made reading enjoyable (Lancy Bergin, 1992). Lancy and Bergin (1992) effectively present the positive correlation between the frequency of storybook reading in the home and early literacy achievements.Show MoreRelatedNature vs Nurture Physical Development1595 Words   |  7 PagesDecoding is the process translating a written word into a spoken word (cracking the code). An individual who has developed adequate decoding skills can begin to acquire fluency when reading no longer requires a conscious, deliberate effort. 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